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Topic Review
Napoleon's Theorem
In geometry, Napoleon's theorem states that if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward or all inward, the lines connecting the centres of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle. The triangle thus formed is called the inner or outer Napoleon triangle. The difference in area of these two triangles equals the area of the original triangle. The theorem is often attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821). Some have suggested that it may date back to W. Rutherford's 1825 question published in The Ladies' Diary, four years after the French emperor's death, but the result is covered in three questions set in an examination for a Gold Medal at the University of Dublin in October, 1820, whereas Napoleon died the following May.
  • 3.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Agent-Based Programming
Intelligent and autonomous agents is a subarea of symbolic artificial intelligence where these agents decide, either reactively or proactively, upon a course of action by reasoning about the information that is available about the world (including the environment, the agent itself, and other agents). It encompasses a multitude of techniques, such as negotiation protocols, agent simulation, multi-agent argumentation, multi-agent planning, and many others. In an agent-based programming language, agents are the building blocks, and programs are obtained by programming their behaviours (how an agent reasons), their goals (what an agent aims to achieve) and their interoperation (how agents collaborate to solve a task).
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Degrowth Perspective for Sustainability in Built Environments
Degrowth, as a social movement, a political project, and an academic paradigm, aims to find ways that can lead to harmonious co-existence between humanity and nature, between humans and non-humans, and within humanity, including oneself. Seen through the lens of degrowth, everything becomes subject to reflection, critique, re-evaluation, and re-imagining. This concerns environments created by humans in a long process of interaction with nature, i.e., built environments. Built environments are always in becoming. This entry contemplates the implications of degrowth for intentionally directing this becoming towards genuine sustainability.
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  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
General Atomics Avenger
The General Atomics Avenger (formerly Predator C) is a developmental unmanned combat air vehicle built by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems for the U.S. military.
  • 3.5K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Technology Adopted by Airlines during COVID-19 Pandemic
Airlines’ major adoption of digital technology during the COVID-19 crisis may have changed how customers experience the services and may affect passengers’ perceptions compared to the past. The pandemic has forced the airline industry to change and adopt new business strategies. Apart from ensuring business continuity, passengers also have higher expectations. Maintaining the same level of service standards as in the pre-pandemic era may be insufficient to retain passengers’ satisfaction with the airlines. Passengers are now more stringent with health and hygiene. New digital technology can assist the airline industry in overcoming the challenges posed by the crisis. During the pandemic period, many airlines have strengthened their digital technology capability, significantly accelerating transformation and innovation to digitalization.
  • 3.5K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Work
In physics, work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement. In its simplest form, it is often represented as the product of force and displacement. A force is said to do positive work if (when applied) it has a component in the direction of the displacement of the point of application. A force does negative work if it has a component opposite to the direction of the displacement at the point of application of the force. For example, when a ball is held above the ground and then dropped, the work done by the gravitational force on the ball as it falls is equal to the weight of the ball (a force) multiplied by the distance to the ground (a displacement). When the force F is constant and the angle between the force and the displacement s is θ, then the work done is given by: [math]\displaystyle{ W = F s \cos{\theta} }[/math] Work is a scalar quantity, so it has only magnitude and no direction. Work transfers energy from one place to another, or one form to another. The SI unit of work is the joule (J), the same unit as for energy.
  • 3.5K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Biography
Alan Sokal
Alan David Sokal (/ˈsoʊkəl/; born January 24, 1955) is a professor of mathematics at University College London and professor of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is a critic of postmodernism, and caused the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University's Social Text. He also works to counter
  • 3.5K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Use of Green Laser in LiDAR Bathymetry
Bathymetric LiDAR technology is a technology used for simultaneous data acquisition regarding the morphology of the bottom of water reservoirs and the surrounding coastal zone, realized from the air, e.g., by plane or drone. Contrary to the air topographic LiDAR, which uses an infrared wavelength of 1064 nm, bathymetric LiDAR systems additionally use a green wavelength of 532 nm. The green laser can penetrate the water, which makes it possible to measure the depth of shallow water reservoirs, rivers, and coastal sea waters within three Secchi depths.
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  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Digital Transformation in the UK Retail Sector
Digital transformation is the process by which businesses adopt use of digital technologies to fundamentally change operations and customer interactions in order to optimize delivery and service. The UK refers to the United Kingdom which is shorthand for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which is a European country that primarily includes England, Wales and Scotland together with the northern part of Ireland. The retail sector includes businesses that sell goods or services directly to consumers for their personal use, opposed to selling to other organizations for business applications. Generation refers to a series of broad age groups that are considered to demonstrate different generalized characteristics.
  • 3.5K
  • 10 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Lignin Biopolymer in Biomaterials Synthesis
Lignin is one of the wood and plant cell wall components that is available in large quantities in nature. Its polyphenolic chemical structure has been of interest for valorization and industrial application studies. Lignin can be obtained from wood by various delignification chemical processes, which give it a structure and specific properties that will depend on the plant species. Due to the versatility and chemical diversity of lignin, the chemical industry has focused on its use as a viable alternative of renewable raw material for the synthesis of new and sustainable biomaterials. 
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19: Gender and Outcomes
The existence of differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection between males and females in both incidence and outcomes is well documented in the scientific literature. These differences, which are still underestimated, may have important implications in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19, with significant prognostic consequences. The greater severity of the infection observed in males, even more so if they are elderly, would seem, according to current knowledge, to be due to multiple influences: immunological and endocrinological, but also genetic and behavioral.
  • 3.5K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Minimum Wage
A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their employees—the price floor below which employees may not sell their labor. Most countries had introduced minimum wage legislation by the end of the 20th century. Because minimum wages increase the cost of labor, companies often try to avoid minimum wage laws by using gig workers, by moving labor to locations with lower or nonexistent minimum wages, or by automating job functions. The movement for minimum wages was first motivated as a way to stop the exploitation of workers in sweatshops, by employers who were thought to have unfair bargaining power over them. Over time, minimum wages came to be seen as a way to help lower-income families. Modern national laws enforcing compulsory union membership which prescribed minimum wages for their members were first passed in New Zealand and Australia in the 1890s. Although minimum wage laws are now in effect in many jurisdictions, differences of opinion exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a minimum wage. Supply and demand models suggest that there may be employment losses from minimum wages. However, minimum wages can increase the efficiency of the labor market in monopsony scenarios, where individual employers have a degree of wage-setting power over the market as a whole. Supporters of the minimum wage say it increases the standard of living of workers, reduces poverty, reduces inequality, and boosts morale. In contrast, opponents of the minimum wage say it increases poverty and unemployment because some low-wage workers "will be unable to find work...[and] will be pushed into the ranks of the unemployed".
  • 3.5K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity
Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may develop a constellation of symptoms and signs including optic disc edema, choroidal folds, and a hyperopic shift from the flattening of the globe. These ocular findings have been collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). SANS is a condition that is unique to long-duration spaceflight. The precise pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several hypotheses have been proposed that may be influenced by intraocular pressure. Countermeasures for SANS research also include techniques that impact intraocular pressure. In this article, we discuss intraocular pressure during spaceflight, the translaminar pressure gradient, SANS and potential SANS countermeasures, and the potential for glaucomatous damage during spaceflight.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Electronic Structure of SnO2
Tin oxide (SnO2) is a versatile n-type semiconductor with a wide bandgap of 3.6 eV that varies as a function of its polymorph, i.e., rutile, cubic or orthorhombic. Bulk SnO2 has a bandgap of ~~3.6 eV; however, experimental bandgaps range from 1.7 eV to 4 eV, thereupon widening its range of applications to photovoltaics and photocatalysis. Bandgap engineering is widely studied in SnO2, as it belongs to the family of transparent conducting oxides (TCO). Additionally, bandgaps can be controlled via parameters, such as synthesis routes and the application of a substrate-induced strain for thin-film growth that simultaneously produce intrinsic defects and structural changes. 
  • 3.5K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mac Transition to Apple Silicon
The Mac transition to Apple Silicon is the planned two-year process of introducing ARM64-based Apple silicon to, and deprecating Intel's x86-64 from, Apple's Macintosh line of computers. CEO Tim Cook announced the plan in his WWDC keynote address on June 22, 2020. The transition is the third time Apple has migrated Macintosh to a new instruction set architecture (ISA). The first was the switch from the Mac's original Motorola 68000 series architecture to the new PowerPC platform in 1994, and the second was the transition from PowerPC to Intel x86, which was formally announced in June 2005. Apple first utilized the ARM architecture in 1993 in its Newton personal digital assistant, and since then has extensively deployed it throughout other product lines including iPhone, iPad, iPod, and Apple Watch. Apple has designed its own custom ARM chips since 2009.
  • 3.5K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electrical Conductivity of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluids
Research on nanoparticle-enhanced fluids’ electrical conductivity is at its beginning at this moment and the augmentation mechanisms are not fully understood. Basically, the mechanisms for increasing the electrical conductivity are described as electric double layer influence and increased particles’ conductance. Another idea that has resulted from state of the art is that the stability of nanofluids can be described with the help of electrical conductivity tests, but more coordinated research is needed. Concluding, this analysis has shown that a lot of research work is needed in the field of nanofluids’ electrical characterization and specific applications.
  • 3.5K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Struvite Precipitation Technologies
The abatement of nutrient compounds from aqueous waste and wastewater is currently a priority issue. Indeed, the uncontrolled discharge of high levels of nutrients into water bodies causes serious deteriorations of environmental quality. On the other hand, the increasing request of nutrient compounds for agronomic utilizations makes it strictly necessary to identify technologies able to recover the nutrients from wastewater streams so as to avoid the consumption of natural resources. In this regard, the removal and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from aqueous waste and wastewater as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) represents an attractive approach. Indeed, through the struvite precipitation it is possible to effectively remove the ammonium and phosphate content of many types of wastewater and to produce a solid compound, with only a trace of impurities. This precipitate, due to its chemical characteristics, represents a valuable multi-nutrients slow release fertilizer for vegetables and plants growth. For these reasons, the struvite precipitation technology constantly progresses on several aspects of the process.
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Components of Grape Seeds and Grape Marc
Nutritional interventions may highly contribute to the maintenance or restoration of human health. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are one of the oldest known beneficial nutritional components of the human diet. Their high polyphenol content has been proven to enhance human health beyond doubt in statistics-based public health studies, especially in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft OneDrive
Microsoft OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) is a file hosting service and synchronization service operated by Microsoft as part of its web version of Office. First launched in August 2007, OneDrive allows users to store files and personal data like Windows settings or BitLocker recovery keys in the cloud, share files, and sync files across Android, Windows Phone, and iOS mobile devices, Windows and macOS computers, and the Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and S consoles. Users can upload Microsoft Office documents to OneDrive. OneDrive offers 5 GB of storage space free of charge, with 100 GB, 1 TB, and 6 TB storage options available either separately or with Office 365 subscriptions.
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sensation Seeking Scale
The Sensation Seeking Scale is one of the most common psychological instrument for measuring sensation seeking. It was created in 1964 by Marvin Zuckerman, at the University of Delaware. Zuckerman created the scale with the purpose of better understanding personality traits such as neuroticism, antisocial behavior, and psychopathy. This has gone through a few iterations and is currently on its 1978 version: SSS-V. There are 4 different aspects (subscales), which are: Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS); Disinhibition (Dis); Experience Seeking (ES); and Boredom Susceptibility (BS). Each subscale contains 10 items, making a total of 40 items. Zuckerman has proposed that these 'traits' come from a psycho-biological interaction.
  • 3.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
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