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Topic Review
Testing in Microgrids
This entry covers testing in Microgrids. The most common strategies are described and some papers are critizied. Testing in Microgrids can be done in a variety of ways, among others digital simulation, co-simulation, Real-Time simulation (RTS) Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL), Controller-Hardware-In-the-Loop (CHIL), Power-Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) and emulators. To choose the desired strategy, the trade-off has to be made between the cost, test fidelity and test coverage. The entry is based on section in "Testing Smart Grid Scenarios with Small Volume Testbed and Flexible Power Inverter" by Milosz Krysik et al.  
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Biography
Ali T. Alouani
The University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA Ph.D. Degree in Electrical & Computer Engineering. (Dec, 1986) Thesis title: Implementation of Nonlinear Centralized Estimators in a Distributed Fashion. Research Areas: Autonomous Systems, Sensor Data Fusion, Medical Diagnosis Support Systems, EV Battery Safety, Smart Grid Monitoring Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Tunisia, Ingénieur Prin
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Energy Scenario and New Energy Policies in Pakistan
Smart grid plays a vital role in energy management systems. It helps to mitigate the demand side management of electricity by managing the microgrid. Pakistan being an energy deficient country has introduced some new policies such as Energy Wheeling Policy (EWP), Energy Import Policy (EIP), and Net Metering/Distributed Generation Policy (NMP) to manage the electricity demand effectively. In addition, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act (EECA) has also been introduced.
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Source Camera Identification Techniques
The successful investigation and prosecution of significant crimes, including child pornography, insurance fraud, movie piracy, traffic monitoring, and scientific fraud, hinge largely on the availability of solid evidence to establish the case beyond any reasonable doubt. When dealing with digital images/videos as evidence in such investigations, there is a critical need to conclusively prove the source camera/device of the questioned image. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Systems (PVSs)
In a grid-connected photovoltaic system (PVS) synchronization and islanding detection techniques have to operate in coordination. Abnormal conditions can arise on the utility grid which require a prompt response from the PVS, hence the information provided by the synchronization system are fundamental for the grid voltage monitoring. The islanding detection techniques are based also on the information provided by the synchronization techniques and some islanding detection techniques require additional synchronization systems. Besides, after an islanding event, the PVS reconnection procedure has to be managed with two synchronization systems. For all these reasons synchronization and islanding detection issues have been analyzed together. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Sensor and Actuator Fault Diagnosis
Sensors and actuators are key components in the robot system, but their working environment is very complex, with electromagnetic interference, vibration, etc., which will affect the output of the sensors and then the actuators. Moreover, the variable load on manipulators is also a challenge for system state feedback or estimation. All of the above factors make the faults diagnosis of robot system sensors and actuators an urgent task. The DCNN is used to deal with sensor and actuator faults of robot joints, such as gain error, offset error, and malfunction for both sensors and actuators, and different fault types are diagnosed using the trained neural network.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Review Microwave Resonant Glucose Sensors
The measurement of glucose concentration finds interesting potential applications in both industry and biomedical contexts. Among the proposed solutions, the use of microwave planar resonant sensors has led to remarkable scientific activity during the last years. These sensors rely on the changes in the dielectric properties of the medium due to variations in the glucose concentration. These devices show electrical responses dependent on the surrounding dielectric properties, and therefore the changes in their response can be related to variations in the glucose content. This work shows an up-to-date review of this sensing approach after more than one decade of research and development. The attempts involved are sorted by the sensing parameter, and the computation of a common relative sensitivity to glucose is proposed as general comparison tool. The manuscript also discusses the key points of each sensor category and the possible future lines and challenges of the sensing approach.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Early Detection of Faults in Induction Motors
There is an increasing interest in improving energy efficiency and reducing operational costs of induction motors in the industry. These costs can be significantly reduced, and the efficiency of the motor can be improved if the condition of the machine is monitored regularly and if monitoring techniques are able to detect failures at an incipient stage. An early fault detection makes the elimination of costly standstills, unscheduled downtime, unplanned breakdowns, and industrial injuries possible. Furthermore, maintaining a proper motor operation by reducing incipient failures can reduce motor losses and extend its operating life. There are many works in which analyses of fault detection techniques in induction motors can be found, but all those reviewed techniques can detect failures only at developed or advanced stages. Herein, a summary of techniques and methodologies that can detect faults at early stages is presented, focusing on the following principal motor components: stator, rotor, and rolling bearings. For steady-state and transient operating modes of the motor, the methodologies are discussed and recommendations for future research in this area are also presented.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Integration of Photovoltaic
Electric vehicles are promising and essential to reduce the carbon footprint from the transport sector. Grid power is the primary source to charge the EV. Currently, grid power which comes from burning fossil fuel is not environmentally benevolent. Solar-powered electric vehicles are promising as the required power to charge the EV comes from the PV system, which generates benign energy. PV system can be installed in the car shed or rooftop of a building. For commercial buildings, vehicles are mainly parked during the peak solar radiation time, which can be utilised to charge the EV by employing PV.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Thermophotovoltaic Cell
Generally, waste heat is redundantly released into the surrounding by anthropogenic activities without strategized planning. Consequently, urban heat islands and global warming chronically increases over time. Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems can be potentially deployed to harvest waste heat and recuperate energy to tackle this global issue with supplementary generation of electrical energy.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency V2X Communications
Vehicular communication is a promising technology that has been announced as a main use-case of the fifth-generation cellular system (5G). Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) is the vehicular communication paradigm that enables the communications and interactions between vehicles and other network entities, e.g., road-side units (RSUs). This promising technology faces many challenges related to reliability, availability and security of the exchanged data. 
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
IoT-Based Visualisation Platforms for Tracking Household Carbon Footprints
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are the main causes of global climate change. This phenomenon impacts natural and human systems around the world through the rising global average surface temperature, extreme weather, changes in precipitation patterns, rising sea levels, and ocean acidification. However, this concept is alien to most people in developing countries. They are also unaware of the connection between energy efficiency and climate change. This dearth of knowledge makes them opt for highly inefficient appliances. Internet of Things (IoT)-based visualisation platforms for tracking household carbon footprints (CFs) have been seen as a good concept for combating this global phenomenon; however, there are potential challenges and ethical restrictions that must be addressed when implementing platforms for tracking household CFs. 
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gate-Level Static Approximate Adders
This work compares and analyzes static approximate adders which are suitable for FPGA and ASIC type implementations. We consider many static approximate adders and evaluate their performance with respect to a digital image processing application using standard figures of merit such as peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity index metric. We provide the error metrics of approximate adders, and the design metrics of accurate and approximate adders corresponding to FPGA and ASIC type implementations. For the FPGA implementation, we considered a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA, and for an ASIC type implementation, we considered a 32-28 nm CMOS standard digital cell library. While the inferences from this work could serve as a useful reference to determine an optimum static approximate adder for a practical application, in particular, we found approximate adders HOAANED, HERLOA and M-HERLOA to be preferable.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Model Predictive Control for Microgrid
In recent times, microgrids (MG) have emerged as solution approach to establishing resilient power systems. However, the integration of renewable energy resources (RERs) comes with a high degree of uncertainties due to heavy dependency on weather conditions. Hence, improper modeling of these uncertainties can have adverse effects on the performance of the microgrid operations. Due to this effect, more advanced algorithms need to be explored to create stability in MGs’. The model predictive control (MPC) technique has gained sound recognition due to its flexibility in executing controls and speed of processors.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Printed Humidity Sensors
Printing technologies have been attracting increasing interest in the manufacture of electronic devices and sensors. They offer a unique set of advantages such as additive material deposition and low to no material waste, digitally-controlled design and printing, elimination of multiple steps for device manufacturing, wide material compatibility and large scale production to name but a few.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Crystalline Silicon-Based Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact Solar Cells
Contact selectivity is a key parameter for enhancing and improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based solar cells. Carrier selective contacts (CSC) are the key technology which has the potential to achieve a higher PCE for c-Si-based solar cells closer to their theoretical efficiency limit. A recent and state-of-the-art approach in this domain is the tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) approach, which is completely different from the existing classical heterojunction solar cells. The main and core element of this contact is the tunnel oxide, and its main role is to cut back the minority carrier recombination at the interface. 
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
High-Voltage Film Capacitors
High-voltage capacitors are key components for circuit breakers and monitoring and protection devices, and are important elements used to improve the efficiency and reliability of the grid. Different technologies are used in high-voltage capacitor manufacturing process, and at all stages of this process polymeric films must be used, along with an encapsulating material, which can be either liquid, solid or gaseous.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Reconfigurability with Metamaterials
Metamaterials exhibit properties in terms of subwavelength operation or phase manipulation, among others, that can be used in a variety of applications in 5G communication systems. The future and current 5G devices demand high efficiency, high data rate, computational capabilities, cost-effectiveness, compact size, and low power consumption. This variation and advancement are possible when the antenna design is revised to operate over wideband, high gain, and multiband and has characteristics of compact size, reconfiguration, absorption, and simple ease of fabrication. The materials loaded with antennas or, in the same cases, without antennas, offer the aforementioned characteristics to bring advancement in order to facilitate users.  
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
IoT Devices with Smart Grids
Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied in servery domais for example in smart grids allowing to distribute the energy in an efficient way thoruught serveral communication protocols.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Integrated Optical Biosensors
A biosensor is an analytical device that is composed of a bioreceptor, a transducer, and a signal processor for detecting biological substances and monitoring biological interactions.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Apr 2021
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