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Topic Review
Antioxidant Phytochemicals in HIV+ Patients
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has continued to be the subject of study since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Significant advances in research and intake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have slowed the progression and appearance of the disease symptoms and the incidence of concomitant diseases, which are the leading cause of death in HIV+ persons.
  • 770
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Applications of BoNT Detection
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced as protein complexes by bacteria of the genus Clostridium that are Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore forming (Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C. argentinense spp.). BoNTs show a high immunological and genetic diversity. Therefore, fast, precise, and more reliable detection methods are still required to monitor outbreaks and ensure surveillance of botulism. The botulinum toxin field also comprises therapeutic uses, basic research studies and biodefense issues.
  • 768
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Immunobridging of Animal and Human Data
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Animal Rule was devised to facilitate approval of candidate vaccines and therapeutics using animal survival data when human efficacy studies are not practical or ethical. This regulatory pathway is critical for candidates against pathogens with high case fatality rates that prohibit human challenge trials, as well as candidates with low and sporadic incidences of outbreaks that make human field trials difficult. Important components of a vaccine development plan for Animal Rule licensure are the identification of an immune correlate of protection and immunobridging to humans. The relationship of vaccine-induced immune responses to survival after vaccination and challenge must be established in validated animal models and then used to infer predictive vaccine efficacy in humans via immunobridging.
  • 767
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for COVID‐19
More than one year into the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems across the world continue to be overwhelmed with soaring daily cases. The treatment spectrum primarily includes ventilation support augmented with repurposed drugs and/or convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) from recovered COVID-19 patients. CPT is a promising COVID-19 therapeutic option that merits internationally coordinated RCTs to achieve a scientific risk-benefit consensus. 
  • 766
  • 24 May 2021
Biography
Honggguang Nie
Hongguang Nie, female, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University. Chairman of the Professional Committee of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative medicine, Liaoning Society of Cell Biology; Committee Member of the Stem Cell and Immunology Professional Committee of Liaoning Immunological Society; High le
  • 766
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
H7N7 and H7N9 AIVs from South Korea
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are eight segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses. Based on viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza viruses are classified into 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes. H1-16 and N1-9 have been detected in avian species, but H17-18 and N10-11 have been discovered only in bats. In particular, H5 and H7 are important subtypes because they have the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), causing severe clinical signs in poultry.
  • 763
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes Inhibitors
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical protein in the activation of the immune system in response to DNA. It can participate the inflammatory response process by modulating the inflammation-preferred translation program through the STING-PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eIF2α pathway or by inducing the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) and a variety of proinflammatory factors through the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or the regulation of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. 
  • 763
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Cultures in Fungal Pathogenesis
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are pivotal in vitro studies as an alternative model that curtails research expenses. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are extensively employed for novel drug screening of antifungals. Several advantages are tied to obtaining more precise toxicity and efficacy results than in vivo models, along with host–pathogen interactions closely mimicking reality.
  • 762
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Related to COVID-19 and Clinical Phenotypes
The intricate relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the cardiovascular system is an extensively studied pandemic topic, as there is an ever-increasing amount of evidence that reports a high prevalence of acute cardiac injury in the context of viral infection. In patients with Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, a significant increase in serum levels of cardiac troponin or other various biomarkers was observed, suggesting acute cardiac injury, thus predicting both a severe course of the disease and a poor outcome.
  • 758
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and β Human Papillomavirus Types
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which are trying to identify the possible viral etiologic agents as principal co-factors in the oncogenic process. In order to optimize the management of skin cancer, a health condition of very high importance, it would be ideal that the screening of skin cancer for these two analysed viruses (MCPyV and beta HPV types) to be implemented in each region’s/country’s cancer centres’ molecular detection diagnostic platforms, with multiplex viral capability, optimal sensitivity, and specificity; clinically validated, and if possible, at acceptable costs. For confirmatory diagnosis of skin cancer, another method should be used, with a different principle, such as immunohistochemistry, with specific antibodies for each virus.
  • 755
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Detection of persistent virus-DNA in Formalin Fixed samples
The DNA damage and cross-linking induced by formalin fixation can hinder nucleic acid screening. This is of particular concern in the detection of low-abundance targets, such as persistent DNA viruses, present only as a part per million of the total DNA in a sample. We evaluated the analytical sensitivity of the detection of persistent viruses in tissue specimens fixed in formalin for up to 10 days. To this end, we used short amplicon qPCRs and targeted enrichment plus Next-generation sequencing.
  • 754
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Virology of Phages and Phage-Resistance in Therapy
Bacteriophages, also known simply as phages, are prokaryotic viruses that exclusively infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy has been overshadowed in the past by the widespread use of antibiotics in Western countries. However, it has been revitalized as a powerful approach due to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Although bacterial resistance to phages has been reported in clinical cases, studies on the fitness trade-offs between phage and antibiotic resistance have revealed new avenues in the field of phage therapy.
  • 753
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV), and it is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, the virus is usually transmitted via the fecal–oral route, principally via contaminated water. Chronic hepatitis E (CHE) has been identified as associated with chronic liver damage induced by HEV genotypes 3, 4, and 7—usually in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. In addition, patients infected with HIV and those receiving chemotherapy for malignancy, along with patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19, have been reported as having CHE. 
  • 750
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Emergency Department
Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programs in antibiotic consumption and minimizing multi-drug-resistant bacterium development, the characteristics of emergency departments pose a challenge to their implementation. The inclusion of rapid diagnostic tests, tracking microbiological results upon discharge, conducting audits with feedback, and implementing multimodal educational interventions have proven to be effective tools for optimizing antibiotic use in these units.
  • 749
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Severe Thrombocytopenia as a Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection
Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection can range from an asymptomatic clinical form to acute respiratory distress depending on the virus gateway, viral load, host immunity, and existing comorbidities. Some patients with COVID-19 infection can present hematological changes depending on the patient’s immune response and the severity of the infection. Patients affected by the pandemic can develop platelet count changes such as thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be detected in almost half of the patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and in almost 95% of those critically ill.
  • 748
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Diabetic Foot Ulcer
The term “neuropathy” in diabetes is a generic term that refers to the loss of sensation and steadiness of the distal limb. The loss of sensation affects peripheral blood movement. Therefore, dysregulating the protective sensation leads to systemic inflammatory status of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are characterized by a lack of angiogenesis and distal limb diabetic neuropathy.
  • 746
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rhinologic Manifestation
Many researchers have reported that the nasal cavity is an important initial route for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the spike protein of this virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on epithelial cell surfaces. Therefore, COVID-19 is thought to significantly affect nasal symptoms and various rhinological diseases. 
  • 744
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Total Joint Arthroplasty Failure
Total joint arthroplasty is a common restorative surgery. Arthroplasty failure is a major complication of joint replacement surgery. It can be caused by periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or non-infectious etiologies, and often requires surgical intervention and (in select scenarios) resection and reimplantation of implanted devices. Fast and accurate diagnosis of PJI and non-infectious arthroplasty failure (NIAF) is critical to direct medical and surgical treatment.
  • 743
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Pathogens in Aquaponic Systems
The union of aquaculture and hydroponics is named aquaponics—a system where microorganisms, fish and plants coexist in a water environment. Bacteria are essential in processes which are fundamental for the functioning and equilibrium of aquaponic systems.
  • 742
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Light as a Cure in COVID-19
The history of the use of light in modern medicine dates to the early 1900s, when Finsen reported significant recoveries of smallpox patients exposed to red light compared to unexposed controls. Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science". The exceptional demonstrations of N.R. Finsen have inaugurated a new stage in contemporary medicine regarding the effectiveness of light therapies, followed by implementing new laser technologies after Endre Mester incidentally detected the positive effect of a ruby laser beam on hair growth and wound healing in mice. Originally called Low Level Light/Laser Therapy (LLLT), nowadays, photobiomodulation (PBM) is a modality that consists of projecting light to influence the activity of living cells, tissues, and even the entire organism to stimulate the immune system, promote tissue repair, advance healing, decrease inflammation, and control pain.
  • 741
  • 30 Sep 2022
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