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Topic Review
H7N7 and H7N9 AIVs from South Korea
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are eight segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses. Based on viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza viruses are classified into 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes. H1-16 and N1-9 have been detected in avian species, but H17-18 and N10-11 have been discovered only in bats. In particular, H5 and H7 are important subtypes because they have the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), causing severe clinical signs in poultry.
  • 428
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Phytochemicals in HIV+ Patients
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has continued to be the subject of study since its discovery nearly 40 years ago. Significant advances in research and intake of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have slowed the progression and appearance of the disease symptoms and the incidence of concomitant diseases, which are the leading cause of death in HIV+ persons.
  • 428
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rhinologic Manifestation
Many researchers have reported that the nasal cavity is an important initial route for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the spike protein of this virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on epithelial cell surfaces. Therefore, COVID-19 is thought to significantly affect nasal symptoms and various rhinological diseases. 
  • 428
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 428
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Variations and Antibiotic-Related Adverse Events
Antibiotic-related adverse events are common in both adults and children, and knowledge of the factors that favor the development of antibiotic-related adverse events is essential to limit their occurrence and severity. Genetics can condition the development of antibiotic-related adverse events, and the screening of patients with supposed or demonstrated specific genetic mutations may reduce drug-related adverse events.
  • 428
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosing Staph Infections with VOC Biomarkers
Staphylococci are broadly adaptable and their ability to grow in unique environments has been widely established, but the most common and clinically relevant staphylococcal niche is the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. S. aureus causes severe infections in mammalian tissues and organs, with high morbidities, mortalities, and treatment costs. S. epidermidis is an important human commensal but is also capable of deadly infections. The development of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for the detection and identification of pathogens is an area of intensive research, with significant efforts toward establishing breath tests for infections.
  • 427
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Performances of Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with stable prevalence despite prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances. While echocardiography remains the first line imaging technique, especially in native valve endocarditis, the incremental value of two nuclear imaging techniques, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and white blood cells single photon emission tomography with computed tomography (WBC-SPECT), has emerged for the management of prosthetic valve and CIED IE.
  • 423
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Gastrointestinal Symptoms of COVID-19
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a significant entrance or interaction site for SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the gut mucosal immune system participates in virus interaction as a first-line physical and immunological defense, leading to GI involvement and symptoms. The pattern of symptoms changed during the virus evolution, since the data provided a current and thorough picture of the symptoms experienced by SARS-CoV-2 infected people, and variations in symptom patterns occurred as the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants have spread. Since the beginning of the pandemic, GI symptoms have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infections, even though most infected people do not report them. 
  • 422
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virally Infected Donor Grafts
The ideal management for end stage liver disease, acute liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), within specific criteria, is liver transplantation (LT). Due to continuous increase in LT cases, there has been consideration to increase utilization of organs from donor livers which were previously discarded, including virally infected donor livers. 
  • 422
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Latent Tuberculosis Infection Screening in Ireland
Ireland is a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis (TB) that should be aiming for TB elimination. To achieve TB elimination in low-incidence countries, programmatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) management is important. This requires high-quality latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening.
  • 421
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
N-Glycans’ Effect on Pathologic Protein Conformations in Disease
Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in regulating intricate cellular processes by covalently attaching glycans to macromolecules. Dysregulated glycosylation is linked to a spectrum of diseases, encompassing cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, congenital disorders, infections, and inflammation. Considering the allosteric effects of N-glycans in regulating protein conformation, with potential implications for its assembly and function, it is of no surprise that dysregulated N-glycosylation has been implicated in several disease-associated human proteins. Furthermore, these glycans may play a pivotal role in modulating the conformation of pathogen-associated proteins, influencing their infectivity within human cells.
  • 421
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis
COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is an opportunistic secondary infection, primarily affecting patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID-19 acute respiratory failure (ARF). Patients affected by COVID-19 ARF and CAPA exhibited increased mortality compared to patients with COVID-19 ARF but without CAPA.
  • 420
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Symptoms and Treatments of COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a member of the Coronaviridae family, with a 29 kb single-stranded RNA genome. It employs its structural spike (S) glycoprotein to attach to the ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor protein on the surface of the host cell. The S protein is composed of two subunits, S1 and S2. The S1 subunit is responsible for interaction with ACE-2, while the S2 subunit is involved in fusion with the cell. The very high affinity of protein S for ACE-2 is largely responsible for the increased infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 compared to other related viruses, such as SARS-CoV. This entry offers a general overview of the symptoms and treatments of COVID-19.
  • 419
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Migraine as a Disease Associated with Dysbiosis
Migraine is a painful neurological condition characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head. It may be linked to changes in the gut microbiota, which are influenced by antibiotic use and other factors. Dysbiosis, which develops and persists as a result of earlier antibiotic therapy, changes the composition of the intestinal flora, and can lead to the development of various diseases such as metabolic disorders, obesity, hematological malignancies, neurological or behavioral disorders, and migraine. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome have been shown to influence the gut–brain axis. The use of probiotics as a dietary supplement may reduce the number and severity of migraine episodes. Dietary strategies can affect the course of migraines and are a valuable tool for improving migraine management. With fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbial restoration is more effective and more durable. Changes after fecal microbiota transplantation were studied in detail, and many data help us to interpret the successful interventions. The microbiological alteration of the gut microflora can lead to normalization of the inflammatory mediators, the serotonin pathway, and influence the frequency and intensity of migraine pain.
  • 417
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Treatment of the Omicron BA.2 lineage
The epidemic curve of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is silently rising again. Worldwide, the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) is Omicron, and its virological characteristics, such as transmissibility, pathogenicity, and resistance to both vaccine- and infection-induced immunity as well as antiviral drugs, are an urgent public health concern. The Omicron variant has five major sub-lineages; as of February 2022, the BA.2 lineage has been detected in several European and Asian countries, becoming the predominant variant and the real antagonist of the ongoing surge. Hence, although global attention is currently focused on dramatic, historically significant events and the multi-country monkeypox outbreak, this new epidemic is unlikely to fade away in silence. Many aspects of this lineage are still unclear and controversial, but its apparent replication advantage and higher transmissibility, as well as its ability to escape neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination and previous infection, are rising global concerns. 
  • 416
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Role of the Gut–Lung Axis in RTIs
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-threatening pneumonia. A plethora of studies have described the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) composition and function and the development of various human diseases, focusing especially on the role of GM in regulating the immune system. Although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is mounting evidence that GM can modulate the immune function in distant mucosal sites such as the respiratory system, and therefore play a role in the development of RTIs.
  • 415
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Potential of Essential Oils
The essential oils and their components, such as terpenes, and/or phenols, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It is demonstrated that some essential oils may increase the number of immunocompetent cells, including PMNs, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Allium sativum essential oil and some of its organosulfur components are shown to have a positive effect on macrophage phagocytosis and can activate macrophage chemotaxis, human neutrophil responses with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lymphocyte proliferation. Eucalyptus essential oil also shows the same properties of stimulating phagocytosis by macrophages. On the other hand, “Roman coriander” (Nigella sativa L., Ranunculaceae) essential oil has not been found to have any beneficial or detrimental effects on neutrophil activities.
  • 415
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs
The SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that is encapsulated. It belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, the family Coronaviridae, the subfamily Coronavirinae, and the order Nidovirales. The genome size of the virus, which is 29.99 kB, is significant. The mechanisms of this virus on various organs such as brain, eye, and olfactory nerve and different systems such as the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems are discussed.
  • 415
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections
The current view of the origin of melatonin (MLT), chemically defined as N-acetyl-5-methoxytriptamine, suggests that MLT appeared on earth about 2.5 billion years ago. Indeed, it is proposed that at that time, anaerobic bacteria developed the ability to synthesize MLT as an adaptative response to increasing concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere.
  • 415
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Emerging HEPATITIS Caused by Suspected Adenovirus
In October 2021, a case of acute hepatic failure without any known cause was identified in the United States of America. Upon further investigation, other children aged 1–6 years were reported to have the same liver failure, and some of them were positive for adenovirus 41 type F. On 21 April 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released an alert after 74 cases were identified in United Kingdom (UK) between 5 and 8 April in children below 10 years of age, some of whom were also found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2. All the patients showed symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, and abdominal pain. The patients’ liver enzymes were remarkably increased. A total of 650 cases had been reported from 33 countries as of 27 May 2022, among which 222 cases were reported in the UK alone. No connection with SARS-CoV-2 or its vaccine has been found so far.
  • 415
  • 01 Jul 2022
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