You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Related to COVID-19 and Clinical Phenotypes
The intricate relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the cardiovascular system is an extensively studied pandemic topic, as there is an ever-increasing amount of evidence that reports a high prevalence of acute cardiac injury in the context of viral infection. In patients with Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, a significant increase in serum levels of cardiac troponin or other various biomarkers was observed, suggesting acute cardiac injury, thus predicting both a severe course of the disease and a poor outcome.
  • 745
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Super-Spreader
A super-spreader is a host—an organism infected with a disease—that disproportionally infects more secondary contacts than other hosts who are also infected with the same disease. A sick human can be a super-spreader; they would be more likely to infect others than most people with the disease. Super-spreaders are thus of high concern in epidemiology (the study of the spread of diseases). Some cases of super-spreading conform to the 20/80 rule, where approximately 20% of infected individuals are responsible for 80% of transmissions, although super-spreading can still be said to occur when super-spreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions. In epidemics with super-spreading, the majority of individuals infect relatively few secondary contacts. Super-spreading events are shaped by multiple factors including a decline in herd immunity, nosocomial infections, virulence, viral load, misdiagnosis, airflow dynamics, immune suppression, and co-infection with another pathogen.
  • 745
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Diabetic Foot Ulcer
The term “neuropathy” in diabetes is a generic term that refers to the loss of sensation and steadiness of the distal limb. The loss of sensation affects peripheral blood movement. Therefore, dysregulating the protective sensation leads to systemic inflammatory status of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are characterized by a lack of angiogenesis and distal limb diabetic neuropathy.
  • 737
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Severe Thrombocytopenia as a Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection
Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection can range from an asymptomatic clinical form to acute respiratory distress depending on the virus gateway, viral load, host immunity, and existing comorbidities. Some patients with COVID-19 infection can present hematological changes depending on the patient’s immune response and the severity of the infection. Patients affected by the pandemic can develop platelet count changes such as thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia can be detected in almost half of the patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and in almost 95% of those critically ill.
  • 732
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CD8+ T Cells in Response to mRNA Vaccination
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has led to millions of deaths globally. The rollout of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has effectively reduced the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, with messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines being widely administrated. While neutralizing antibodies are crucial, CD8+ T cells induced by the vaccine may also play a significant role in early and long-term protection. 
  • 730
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Cultures in Fungal Pathogenesis
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are pivotal in vitro studies as an alternative model that curtails research expenses. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are extensively employed for novel drug screening of antifungals. Several advantages are tied to obtaining more precise toxicity and efficacy results than in vivo models, along with host–pathogen interactions closely mimicking reality.
  • 730
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Direct Acting Antivirals during COVID-19
We sought to quantify changes in Direct Acting Antiviral (DAA) utilization among different countries during the pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional time series analysis between 1 September 2018 and 31 August 2020, using the IQVIA MIDAS database, which contains DAA purchase data for 54 countries.
  • 729
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
H7N7 and H7N9 AIVs from South Korea
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are eight segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses. Based on viral surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza viruses are classified into 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes. H1-16 and N1-9 have been detected in avian species, but H17-18 and N10-11 have been discovered only in bats. In particular, H5 and H7 are important subtypes because they have the potential to mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), causing severe clinical signs in poultry.
  • 724
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
β-Lactam-β-Lactamase Inhibitor Agents against Gram-Negative Bacteria in Neonates
Antimicrobial resistance has become a significant public health problem globally with multidrug resistant Gram negative (MDR-GN) bacteria being the main representatives. The emergence of these pathogens in neonatal settings threatens the well-being of the vulnerable neonatal population given the dearth of safe and effective therapeutic options. Evidence from studies mainly in adults is now available for several novel antimicrobial compounds, such as new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., ceftazidime–avibactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, imipenem/cilastatin–relebactam), although old antibiotics such as colistin, tigecycline, and fosfomycin are also encompassed in the fight against MDR-GN infections that remain challenging.
  • 724
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rhinologic Manifestation
Many researchers have reported that the nasal cavity is an important initial route for SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the spike protein of this virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on epithelial cell surfaces. Therefore, COVID-19 is thought to significantly affect nasal symptoms and various rhinological diseases. 
  • 723
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Light as a Cure in COVID-19
The history of the use of light in modern medicine dates to the early 1900s, when Finsen reported significant recoveries of smallpox patients exposed to red light compared to unexposed controls. Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 “in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science". The exceptional demonstrations of N.R. Finsen have inaugurated a new stage in contemporary medicine regarding the effectiveness of light therapies, followed by implementing new laser technologies after Endre Mester incidentally detected the positive effect of a ruby laser beam on hair growth and wound healing in mice. Originally called Low Level Light/Laser Therapy (LLLT), nowadays, photobiomodulation (PBM) is a modality that consists of projecting light to influence the activity of living cells, tissues, and even the entire organism to stimulate the immune system, promote tissue repair, advance healing, decrease inflammation, and control pain.
  • 722
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan in Localized Antimicrobial Therapy
Chitosan is one of the most studied natural origin polymers for biomedical applications. Chitosan offers the opportunity to prolong the formulation residence time at mucosal sites; its wound healing properties open possibilities to utilize chitosan in wound dressings with multitargeted activities and more. Chitosan's role in localized antimicrobial therapy is recently gaining increased attention. 
  • 721
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Human Populations
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a challenge for global health services, affecting millions and leading thousands to end-stage liver disease each year. HBV is classified into ten genotypes (A to J) and more than 40 sub-genotypes based on a genomic divergence of 8% and 4% (intra-genotype variation), respectively.
  • 719
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers during COVID-19
As the COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 19) pandemic spreads worldwide, the massive numbers of COVID-19 patients have created a considerable healthcare burden for every country. The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection is broad, ranging from asymptomatic to mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Most COVID-19 patients present with no or mild symptoms, but nearly one-fifth of all patients develop severe or life-threatening complications. In addition to localized respiratory manifestations, severe COVID-19 cases also show extra-pulmonary complications or induce multiorgan failure. Identifying, triaging, and treating patients at risk early is essential and urgent. Biomarkers are measurable biochemical substances used to recognize and indicate disease severity or response to therapeutic interventions. The information they provide is objective and suitable for delivering healthcare providers with a means of stratifying disease state in COVID-19 patients. 
  • 716
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products
The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics.
  • 716
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and β Human Papillomavirus Types
Oncogenic viruses are recognized to be involved in some cancers, based on very well-established criteria of carcinogenicity. For cervical cancer and liver cancer, the responsible viruses are well-known (e.g., HPV, HBV); in the case of skin cancer, there are still many studies which are trying to identify the possible viral etiologic agents as principal co-factors in the oncogenic process. In order to optimize the management of skin cancer, a health condition of very high importance, it would be ideal that the screening of skin cancer for these two analysed viruses (MCPyV and beta HPV types) to be implemented in each region’s/country’s cancer centres’ molecular detection diagnostic platforms, with multiplex viral capability, optimal sensitivity, and specificity; clinically validated, and if possible, at acceptable costs. For confirmatory diagnosis of skin cancer, another method should be used, with a different principle, such as immunohistochemistry, with specific antibodies for each virus.
  • 714
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccinations
Vaccination, in general, is effective in protecting high-risk populations against severe COVID-19 infections and COVID-19-associated mortality. A summary of special population groups with regards to their features, prognosis of infection, and vaccination decision based on current evidence is listed in. Patients without contraindications should be prioritized for vaccination under the careful supervision of healthcare workers after balancing the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
  • 713
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
miRNA-Based Therapy for Oncogenic Viruses
Approximately 20% of all cases of human cancer are caused by viral infections. Although a great number of viruses are capable of causing a wide range of tumors in animals, only seven of these viruses have been linked to human malignancies and are presently classified as oncogenic viruses. These include the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is possible that virally encoded microRNAs (miRNAs), which are ideal non-immunogenic tools for viruses, play a significant role in carcinogenic processes. 
  • 712
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV), and it is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide, the virus is usually transmitted via the fecal–oral route, principally via contaminated water. Chronic hepatitis E (CHE) has been identified as associated with chronic liver damage induced by HEV genotypes 3, 4, and 7—usually in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. In addition, patients infected with HIV and those receiving chemotherapy for malignancy, along with patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19, have been reported as having CHE. 
  • 712
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Variations and Antibiotic-Related Adverse Events
Antibiotic-related adverse events are common in both adults and children, and knowledge of the factors that favor the development of antibiotic-related adverse events is essential to limit their occurrence and severity. Genetics can condition the development of antibiotic-related adverse events, and the screening of patients with supposed or demonstrated specific genetic mutations may reduce drug-related adverse events.
  • 710
  • 14 Mar 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 32
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback