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Topic Review
Estrobolome and Hepatocellular Adenomas
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) or hepatic adenoma is defined as a benign liver lesion, seen in patients with excessive exposure to estrogen (the higher the dose of estrogen therapy, the higher the risk of HCA), genetic and metabolic syndromes or who have undergone anabolic androgen therapy. It is known that the estrobolome plays an important role in the human endocrine system; specifically relevant in the metabolization of estrogen are bacterial species producing β-glucuronidase (GUS) enzymes.
  • 480
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Stress-Induced Osteosarcopenic Obesity
Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO), otherwise known as “osteosarcopenic adiposity”, is a syndrome which clinical phenotype combines impairments in the structure and function of a patient’s bones, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue. The etymology of the first term originates from three Greek words (osteo- meaning bone-, sarco- meaning flesh, and penia- meaning deficiency). In contrast, the second term has a Latin origin. Chronic stress, i.e., prolonged impairment of homeostasis, results in the coexistence of bone loss (osteoporosis); sarcopenia/dynapenia (decreased muscle performance); and increased adiposity, either as overt, BMI-defined overweight/obesity or because of tissue accumulation and organ infiltration with fat (liver, skeletal muscle, and bone). This condition is becoming more prevalent in aging populations.
  • 479
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sonosensitizers with Various Imaging Functions
With the rapid development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT), sonosensitizers have evolved from traditional treatments to comprehensive diagnostics and therapies. Sonosensitizers play a crucial role in the integration of ultrasound imaging (USI), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics while also playing a therapeutic role.
  • 469
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Lipoprotein(a) in Arterial Hypertension
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a relatively common and highly heritable trait conferring individuals time-dependent risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 468
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes and Postprandial Dysmetabolism
The postprandial state is known as the metabolic assessment period during and after a meal (6–12 h), which involves the digestion and absorption of nutrients, mainly fatty acids and carbohydrates from food. This state spans most of the day, more than 16 h, and is characterized by an increase in glycemia and lipidemia associated with systemic low-grade inflammation. Inflammation is an essential component of innate (nonspecific) immunity and host defense, but a chronic systemic low-grade inflammatory state is also the basis of the metabolic syndrome.
  • 468
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carbohydrate Counting, Mixed Meals, and Food Glycemic-Index Management
Achieving optimal glucose control in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) continues to pose a significant challenge. While continuous insulin infusion systems have shown promise as an alternative to conventional insulin therapy, there remains a crucial need for greater awareness regarding the necessary adaptations for various special circumstances. Nutritional choices play an essential role in the efficacy of diabetes management and overall health status for patients with T1DM. Factors such as effective carbohydrate counting, assessment of the macronutrient composition of meals, and comprehending the concept of the glycemic index of foods are paramount in making informed pre-meal adjustments when utilizing insulin pumps.
  • 460
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Different Vitamin D Compounds in Adiposity
A large body of research shows an association between higher body weight and low vitamin D status, as assessed using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Vitamin D can be metabolised in adipose tissue and has been reported to influence gene expression and modulate inflammation and adipose tissue metabolism in vitro. However, the exact metabolism of vitamin D in adipose tissue is currently unknown. White adipose tissue expresses the vitamin D receptor and hydroxylase enzymes, substantially involved in vitamin D metabolism and efficacy. The distribution and concentrations of the generated vitamin D compounds in adipose tissue, however, are largely unknown. Closing this knowledge gap could help to understand whether the different vitamin D compounds have specific health effects in the setting of adiposity. 
  • 456
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Managing Colorectal Cancer from Ethology to Interdisciplinary Treatment
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, which has become a serious threat to human health worldwide. CRC is a complex disease due to its extensive heterogeneity; thus, effective treatment could be enhanced by the implementation of a personalized medicine approach. Despite constantly improved diagnostic and individualized therapeutic methods, CRC remains one of the biggest problems of contemporary medicine. Knowledge of the basic risk factors, early clinical symptoms, and available screening tests, as well as the preservation of oncological alert, allow the proper targeting of the diagnostic process and, consequently, the earlier diagnosis of the disease. Undoubtedly, new research at the molecular and genetic level allows us to precisely understand the process of initiation and progression of cancerous diseases and, consequently, precise, personalized prevention and treatment.
  • 443
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Primary Aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism (PA), a significant and curable cause of secondary hypertension, is seen in 5–10% of hypertensive patients, with its prevalence contingent upon the severity of the hypertension. The principal aetiologies of PA include bilateral idiopathic hypertrophy (BIH) and aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs), while the less frequent causes include unilateral hyperplasia, familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) types I-IV, aldosterone-producing carcinoma, and ectopic aldosterone synthesis. This condition, characterised by excessive aldosterone secretion, leads to augmented sodium and water reabsorption alongside potassium loss, culminating in distinct clinical hallmarks: elevated aldosterone levels, suppressed renin levels, and hypertension. Notably, hypokalaemia is present in only 28% of patients with PA and is not a primary indicator. The association of PA with an escalated cardiovascular risk profile, independent of blood pressure levels, is notable. Patients with PA exhibit a heightened incidence of cardiovascular events compared to counterparts with essential hypertension, matched for age, sex, and blood pressure levels.
  • 442
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Atherosclerosis in Type 1 Diabetes
People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, which remains the leading cause of death in this population. Despite the improved control of several classic risk factors, particularly better glycaemic control, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality continue to be significantly higher than in the general population.
  • 425
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
GLP-1 and DPP-4  Applied Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disorder defined as carbohydrate intolerance that manifests during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. To prevent them, it is important to keep glucose levels under control. As much as 15–30% of GDM patients will require treatment with insulin, metformin, or glyburide. With that in mind, it is crucial to keep searching for novel and improved pharmacotherapies. Nowadays, there are ongoing studies investigating the use of other groups of drugs that have proven successful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor are among the drugs targeting the incretin system and are currently receiving significant attention. GLP-1 is a peptide that is produced through the proteolysis of proglucagon, a protein expressed in L cells in the intestinal mucosa, α cells of the pancreas, as well as in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. GLP-1 has access to a specific GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that is expressed in a wide range of target tissues. It is secreted mainly after the ingestion of glucose, lipids, or mixed meals, and increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at physiological plasma concentrations, which meets all the criteria for an incretin hormone.
  • 413
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the most common risk factor for severe COVID-19 and one that most increases the risk of COVID-19-related death. Moreover, CKD increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), and COVID-19 patients with AKI are at an increased risk of death.
  • 408
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Telemedicine in Glycemic Control in Diabetes during COVID-19
Telemedicine can be an effective tool for managing chronic diseases. The disruption in traditional diabetes care resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic led to global interest in telemedicine. 
  • 340
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SPINA Carb
SPINA Carb is a physiological approach for the quantitative evaluation of insulin-glucose homeostasis. It delivers calculated biomarkers for pancreatic beta-cell function (SPINA-GBeta) and insulin sensitivity (SPINA-GR), and a static disposition index (SPINA-DI) as an estimate for the loop gain of the feedback loop.
  • 336
  • 20 Oct 2025
Topic Review
Disposition Index
The disposition index, abbreviated DI, is an important concept in both theoretical and clinical diabetology. Serving as a biomarker for the function of the insulin-glucose feedback control system, it can be determined using various methods and provides an estimate of the loop gain of the homeostatic system. Generally, it is calculated as the product of pancreatic beta-cell function times insulin sensitivity.
  • 317
  • 24 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis versus Rheumatoid Arthritis
A recently published article explores an innovative machine learning approach to differentiate between osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by integrating Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) and dendrograms for enhanced model interpretability. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the study analyzes key features that help classify OA and RA in adults, including socioeconomic and biological factors. The authors present a detailed comparison of feature importance, using SHAP values to visualize individual feature contributions and dendrograms to cluster related features based on their impact on model performance. The findings provide insights into both the clinical and predictive distinctions of OA and RA, with implications for improving diagnosis accuracy in arthritis management.
  • 291
  • 11 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Syndrome T
Syndrome T, or SORSHOT, refers to persistent symptoms in patients affected by hypothyroidism who appear euthyroid by TSH levels. Seen in about 10% of hypothyroid patients, causes are unclear but likely include psychosomatic factors, inadequate treatment, autoimmunity, and neuropathy. Common symptoms are fatigue, heart-related issues, mood changes, weight gain, and pain. No standard treatment exists, but options may include combined hormone therapy, personalised dosing, and nutritional supplementation.
  • 251
  • 29 Sep 2025
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