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Topic Review
Cellular Data Communication Protocol
The protocols described here are from different cellular data communication protocols.
  • 3.5K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Horned Lizard
The horned lizard (genus Phrynosoma) is a distinctive group of reptiles within the family Phrynosomatidae, known for their flattened, toad-like bodies, short tails, and characteristic cranial horns. Often referred to as "horned toads" or "horny toads," these lizards are native to North and Central America and are noted for their unique morphological adaptations, cryptic coloration, and defensive behaviors, including the rare ability to squirt blood from their eyes.
  • 3.5K
  • 18 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Black Belt (Region of Alabama)
The Black Belt is a region of the U.S. state of Alabama. The term originally referred to the region's rich, black topsoil, much of it in the soil order Vertisols. The term took on an additional meaning in the 19th century, when the region was developed for cotton plantation agriculture, in which the workers were enslaved African Americans. After the American Civil War, many freedmen stayed in the area as sharecroppers and tenant farmers, continuing to comprise a majority of the population in many of these counties. The sociological definition of the "Black Belt," as related to the history of this cotton-dependent region, refers to a much larger region of the Southern United States, stretching from Delaware to Texas but centered on the Black Belt of uplands areas of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. In the antebellum and Jim Crow eras, the white elite of the Black Belt dominated Alabama state politics well into the 1960s. As in other Southern states, the white-dominated state legislature of Alabama passed laws and a constitution that created barriers to voter registration, essentially disfranchising most blacks and many poor whites. In addition, the state legislature did not redistrict congressional or state legislative districts after 1901 until it did so in the 1960s under US Supreme Court order. The white rural elite continued to dominate the state despite the rise of urbanized, industrial cities such as Birmingham, Alabama. Montgomery, the Black Belt's largest city, has been the capital of Alabama since 1846. Montgomery and Selma and other parts of the Black Belt were important centers of African-American public activism during the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s to 1968. Since the black population gained the renewed ability to exercise their franchise after 1965 under the Voting Rights Act, they have largely supported Democratic Party candidates. This is in contrast to the majority-white areas of the state, where since the late 20th century, conservatives have largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party.
  • 3.5K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19: Gender and Outcomes
The existence of differences in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection between males and females in both incidence and outcomes is well documented in the scientific literature. These differences, which are still underestimated, may have important implications in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19, with significant prognostic consequences. The greater severity of the infection observed in males, even more so if they are elderly, would seem, according to current knowledge, to be due to multiple influences: immunological and endocrinological, but also genetic and behavioral.
  • 3.5K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vinylidene Fluoride
1,1-difluoroethylene (VDF) is one of the major fluoromonomers, which are the feedstock for the production of various resins, rubbers membrane and paints. The polymers derived from VDF (PVDF) or co-polymers with unique chemical resistance, stability at elevated temperatures, oxidation resistance, weatherability, piezoelectricity, dielectric and thermoelectricity, find wide applications in areas including petrochemical, electronic and electrical, and fluorocarbon coating. VDF is the second largest product among fluorocarbons with an annual production capacity of above 53,000 tons. The demand for VDF is increasing rapidly. At present, in industry, VDF is usually produced via the dehydrochlorination of 1,1-difluoro-1-chloroethane (HCFC-142b) at reaction temperatures above 650 °C
  • 3.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biosurfactants
Biosurfactants can play a significant role in the prevention, control and treatment of diseases caused by a range of pathogenic agents through various therapeutic, pharmaceutical, environmental and hygiene approaches. 
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Comet Lake
Comet Lake is Intel's codename for its 10th generation Core microprocessors. They are manufactured using Intel's third 14 nm Skylake process refinement, succeeding the Whiskey Lake U-series mobile processor and Coffee Lake desktop processor families. Intel announced low-power mobile Comet Lake-U CPUs on August 21, 2019, H-series mobile CPUs on April 2, 2020, desktop Comet Lake-S CPUs April 30, 2020, and Xeon W-1200 series workstation CPUs on May 13, 2020. Comet Lake processors and Ice Lake 10 nm processors are together branded as the Intel "10th Generation Core" family. Intel officially launched Comet Lake-Refresh CPUs on the same day as 11th Gen Core Rocket Lake launch. The low-power mobile Comet Lake-U Core and Celeron 5205U CPUs were discontinued on July 7, 2021.
  • 3.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Intraocular Pressure during Spaceflight and Risk of Glaucomatous Damage in Prolonged Microgravity
Microgravity introduces diverse pathological and various physiological changes to the human body, including intraocular pressure. Astronauts may develop a constellation of symptoms and signs including optic disc edema, choroidal folds, and a hyperopic shift from the flattening of the globe. These ocular findings have been collectively termed spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). SANS is a condition that is unique to long-duration spaceflight. The precise pathogenesis of SANS remains ill-defined, but several hypotheses have been proposed that may be influenced by intraocular pressure. Countermeasures for SANS research also include techniques that impact intraocular pressure. In this article, we discuss intraocular pressure during spaceflight, the translaminar pressure gradient, SANS and potential SANS countermeasures, and the potential for glaucomatous damage during spaceflight.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The World Health Organization (WHO): An In-Depth Overview
The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on international public health. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WHO plays a pivotal role in global health governance by providing leadership on health matters, setting norms and standards, and offering technical support to countries. The organization is structured into six regional offices and is governed by the World Health Assembly and the Executive Board. WHO’s core areas of focus include combating infectious diseases, addressing non-communicable diseases, strengthening health systems, and responding to health emergencies. Notably, WHO led the global eradication of smallpox and has been instrumental in initiatives against polio, HIV/AIDS, and most recently, COVID-19. Despite its successes, WHO faces challenges such as funding constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and political pressures. As it looks to the future, WHO’s work will continue to be guided by its commitment to promoting health, achieving universal health coverage, and addressing emerging health threats, ensuring its ongoing relevance and impact in global health.
  • 3.5K
  • 04 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing and Industry 4.0
We present a review on Additive Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 from business innovation and sustainability perspective.
  • 3.5K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Marine bromophenols, synthesis, biological effects
The first two marine BPs were isolated from the red algae Rhodomela larix.  Bromophenol´s (BPs) have been isolated from red, brown and green algea, ascadians, mussels, marine proteobacteria and sponges.  BPs are common marine secondary metabolites. BPs have been found to have many beneficial health properties. The synthetic efforts have been concentrated on making more of isolated compounds, but also on improving the structures to obtain better biological effects.  In that respect, it is of course useful to analyze the effects of already known compounds.  It seems like the number of hydroxyl groups is an important factor and so is conjugation for anti-oxidant and anti-radical activity.  Conjugation can be caused by nitro, acetyl or aldehyde groups preferentially in para-position to the OH-group.  On the other hand, bromination does not always seem to be a determining factor.  
  • 3.5K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Digital Technology Adopted by Airlines during COVID-19 Pandemic
Airlines’ major adoption of digital technology during the COVID-19 crisis may have changed how customers experience the services and may affect passengers’ perceptions compared to the past. The pandemic has forced the airline industry to change and adopt new business strategies. Apart from ensuring business continuity, passengers also have higher expectations. Maintaining the same level of service standards as in the pre-pandemic era may be insufficient to retain passengers’ satisfaction with the airlines. Passengers are now more stringent with health and hygiene. New digital technology can assist the airline industry in overcoming the challenges posed by the crisis. During the pandemic period, many airlines have strengthened their digital technology capability, significantly accelerating transformation and innovation to digitalization.
  • 3.5K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Numbers 31
Template:Infobox bible chapter Numbers 31 is the 31st chapter of the Book of Numbers, the fourth book of the Pentateuch or Torah, the central part of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament, a sacred text in Judaism and Christianity. Scholars such as Israel Knohl and Dennis T. Olson name this chapter the War against the Midianites. Numbers 31, set in the southern Transjordanian regions of Moab and Midian, narrates how an army of Israelite soldiers commanded by Phinehas (commissioned by Moses and Phinehas' father Eleazar) waged a war against the Midianites, killing all men and boys including their five kings, and taking all livestock, women and girls captive. Moses instructed the soldiers to kill all women who had ever had sex with a man, and to keep the women and girls who were still virgins for themselves. The spoils of war were then divided between the Israelite civilians, soldiers and the god Yahweh. Much scholarly and religious controversy exists surrounding the authorship, meaning and morality of this chapter of Numbers. It is closely connected to Numbers 25.:69
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ibrexafungerp
Ibrexafungerp is a first-in-class IV/oral triterpenoid antifungal agent. Similar in mechanism of action to echinocandins, ibrexafungerp inhibits (1→3)-β-D-glucan synthase, a key component of the fungal cell wall, resulting in fungicidal activity against Candida spp. Ibrexafungerp demonstrates broad in vitro activity against Candida spp.,Aspergillus spp., dimorphic fungi Pneumocystis and other emerging yeasts and mold pathogens including azole and echinocandin-resistant isolates. It is currently in late clinical development for treatment and prevention of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Other ongoing trials include treatment of serious fungal infections, including, invasive candidiasis, Candida auris infections, invasive aspergillosis and refractory fungal disease in patients not responding to or who are intolerant to standard of care .
  • 3.5K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Freeze-Drying of Foods
Freeze-drying is a process in which water is sublimated by the direct transition of water from solid (ice) to vapor, thus omitting the liquid state, and then desorbing water from the “dry” layer.
  • 3.5K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ferritin
Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including archaea, bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animals. It is the primary intracellular iron-storage protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping iron in a soluble and non-toxic form. In humans, it acts as a buffer against iron deficiency and iron overload. Ferritin is found in most tissues as a cytosolic protein, but small amounts are secreted into the serum where it functions as an iron carrier. Plasma ferritin is also an indirect marker of the total amount of iron stored in the body; hence, serum ferritin is used as a diagnostic test for iron-deficiency anemia. Aggregated ferritin transforms into a toxic form of iron called hemosiderin. Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits forming a hollow nanocage with multiple metal–protein interactions. Ferritin that is not combined with iron is called apoferritin.
  • 3.5K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Embryonic Development
In developmental biology, embryonic development, also known as embryogenesis, is the development of an animal or plant embryo. Embryonic development starts with the fertilization of an egg cell (ovum) by a sperm cell, (spermatozoon). Once fertilized, the ovum becomes a single diploid cell known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with no significant growth (a process known as cleavage) and cellular differentiation, leading to development of a multicellular embryo after passing through an organizational checkpoint during mid-embryogenesis. In mammals, the term refers chiefly to the early stages of prenatal development, whereas the terms fetus and fetal development describe later stages.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fucoidan
Since the early life of humankind on the Earth, nature represents the most powerful source for his major needs from food, energy, and therapeutics. Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth’s surface, and therefore, they continue to offer exceptional scaffolds improving the quality of human life. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (United States Department of Commerce), marine microbes represent 98% of ocean biomass. From more than 300,000 described organisms, 12,000 novel compounds have been discovered attracting great interest in the last decades. Marine macroalgae are rich sources of either sulfated or non-sulfated polysaccharides with a wide range of interesting medical applications. Fucoidan is a marine polysaccharide isolated mainly from brown macroalgae with interesting and promising pharmacological activities. Several articles discussed and proved the potential, versatile, and promising pharmacological activities of fucoidans.
  • 3.5K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Agent-Based Programming
Intelligent and autonomous agents is a subarea of symbolic artificial intelligence where these agents decide, either reactively or proactively, upon a course of action by reasoning about the information that is available about the world (including the environment, the agent itself, and other agents). It encompasses a multitude of techniques, such as negotiation protocols, agent simulation, multi-agent argumentation, multi-agent planning, and many others. In an agent-based programming language, agents are the building blocks, and programs are obtained by programming their behaviours (how an agent reasons), their goals (what an agent aims to achieve) and their interoperation (how agents collaborate to solve a task).
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Zellige
Zellige (Arabic: [zˈliʑ]; Arabic: الزليج; also zelige or zellij) is mosaic tilework made from individually chiseled geometric tiles set into a plaster base. This form of Islamic art is one of the main characteristics of Moroccan architecture. It consists of geometrically patterned mosaics, used to ornament walls, ceilings, fountains, floors, pools and tables.
  • 3.5K
  • 06 Oct 2022
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