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Topic Review
List of ARM Microarchitectures
This is a list of microarchitectures based on the ARM family of instruction sets designed by ARM Holdings and 3rd parties, sorted by version of the ARM instruction set, release and name. In 2005, ARM provided a summary of the numerous vendors who implement ARM cores in their design. Keil also provides a somewhat newer summary of vendors of ARM based processors. ARM further provides a chart displaying an overview of the ARM processor lineup with performance and functionality versus capabilities for the more recent ARM core families.
  • 3.7K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Global Trends in Halal Food Standards
The demand for ethical foods is rising, with halal foods playing a significant role in this trend. However, halal standards vary globally, which can have substantial implications. Multiple Halal Certification Bodies (HCBs) can approve food products but they often prioritize national regulations over international alignment.
  • 3.7K
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Breeding in Plants
Plant breeding is a long and tedious process involving the generation of large populations through controlled crosses and the final selection of top individuals, the future new varieties. This process can take between 5 years in the case of horticultural crops to 15 years in the case of perennial fruit crops or 25 years in forest species. Plant breeding is an applied science, insofar as it is focused on solving specific problems, such as productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, fruit quality, postharvest performance and sensorial attributes. In this context, a critical decision is the choice of genotypes that are used as parents. Additionally, the management, phenotyping and selection process of these seedlings are the main factors limiting the generation of new cultivars. In order to improve efficiency and sturdiness of plant breeding programs in relation to parent and seedling selection, the implementation of molecular tools is an essential requirement, including development of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) strategies. On the other hand, we are facing a new molecular-biological perspective based on new methodologies that are affecting the genetics theory in addition to the definition of gene and Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (CDMB). This new molecular perspective, open new possibilities to improve the use of molecular tools in plant breeding. The goal of this review is the discussion about the new perspective of Plant Breeding in the context of the present Postgenomic era.
  • 3.7K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
O3b MEO
O3b MEO is a satellite constellation in Medium Earth orbit (MEO) designed to provide low-latency broadband connectivity to remote locations for mobile network operators and internet service providers, maritime, aviation, and government and defence. Originally O3b, the name was changed in September 2020 to more clearly distinguish these satellites from the forthcoming O3b mPOWER constellation. O3b stood for "other three billion", or the other three billion people at the time that did not have stable internet access. The constellation was initially built, owned and operated by O3b Networks, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of SES S.A. in 2016 and ownership and operation of the constellation passed to SES Networks, a division of SES. The O3b MEO constellation began offering service in March 2014.
  • 3.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spin-½
In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. All known fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have a spin of 1/2. The spin number describes how many symmetrical facets a particle has in one full rotation; a spin of 1/2 means that the particle must be rotated by two full turns (through 720°) before it has the same configuration as when it started. Particles having net spin 1/2 include the proton, neutron, electron, neutrino, and quarks. The dynamics of spin-1/2 objects cannot be accurately described using classical physics; they are among the simplest systems which require quantum mechanics to describe them. As such, the study of the behavior of spin-1/2 systems forms a central part of quantum mechanics.
  • 3.7K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Venice Charter
The Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice, that provides an international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. However, the document is now seen as outdated, representing Modernist views opposed to reconstruction. Reconstruction is now cautiously accepted by UNESCO in exceptional circumstances if it seeks to reflect a pattern of use or cultural practice that sustains cultural value, and is based on complete documentation without reliance on conjecture. The change in attitude can be marked by the reconstruction in 2015 of the Sufi mausoleums at the Timbuktu World Heritage Site in Mali after their destruction in 2012.
  • 3.6K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Surfactants
Polymeric surfactants are surfactant molecules that have a polymeric backbone, which can be made up of various repeating units. These surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, which allows them to interact with both water and oil. Polymeric surfactants are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as in the production of paints, adhesives, and coatings. They can improve the stability and performance of these products by reducing the surface tension and promoting the dispersion of pigments and fillers. In addition, polymeric surfactants are also used in the formulation of personal care products, such as shampoos, conditioners, and body washes. They can help to improve the texture and feel of these products, as well as enhance their cleaning and conditioning properties. One of the key advantages of polymeric surfactants is their ability to form stable micelles in solution. These micelles are aggregates of surfactant molecules that form a spherical structure with the hydrophobic segments on the inside and the hydrophilic segments on the outside. This allows for efficient emulsification of oil and water, which is important in a variety of industrial processes. Polymeric surfactants are a versatile class of surfactants that offer several unique properties and advantages in various applications. They are commonly used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickening agents, and have potential applications in areas such as agriculture, oil and gas, and papermaking. Polymeric surfactants are a diverse class of surfactants that can be classified based on their composition, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. They offer a range of unique properties and advantages in various applications, including cosmetics, food and beverage products, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
  • 3.6K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application of Bacteriophages in Nanotechnology
Bacteriophages (phages for short) are viruses, which have bacteria as hosts. The single phage body virion, is a colloidal particle, often possessing a dipole moment. As such, phages were used as perfectly monodisperse systems to study various physicochemical phenomena (e.g., transport or sedimentation in complex fluids), or in the material science (e.g., as scaffolds). Nevertheless, phages also execute the life cycle to multiply and produce progeny virions. Upon completion of the life cycle of phages, the host cells are usually destroyed. Natural abilities to bind to and kill bacteria were a starting point for utilizing phages in phage therapies (i.e., medical treatments that use phages to fight bacterial infections) and for bacteria detection. Numerous applications of phages became possible thanks to phage display—a method connecting the phenotype and genotype, which allows for selecting specific peptides or proteins with affinity to a given target.
  • 3.6K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Whey Proteins and Its Derivatives
Milk whey proteins are one of the most valued constituents due to their nutritional and techno-functional attributes. Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides, possessing bioactive properties such as being antioxidant and antihypertensive as well as having antimicrobial activities, which, when ingested, confers several health benefits. These peptides have the potential to be used as an active food ingredient in the production of functional foods. In addition to their bioactivities, whey proteins are known to possess enhanced functional attributes that allow them to be utilized in broad applications, such as an encapsulating agent or carrier materials to entrap bioactive compounds, emulsification, and in edible and active packaging.
  • 3.6K
  • 11 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Safety of Food Fungal Pigments
Pigments play a major role in many industries. Natural colors are usually much safer when compared to synthetic colors and may even possess some medicinal benefits. Synthetic colors are economical and can easily be produced compared to natural colors. In addition, raw plant materials for natural colors are limited and season dependent. Microorganisms provide an alternative source for natural colors and, among them, fungi provide a wide range of natural colorants that could easily be produced cheaply and with high yield. Along with pigment, some microbial strains are also capable of producing a number of mycotoxins. The commercial use of microbial pigments relies on the safety of colorants.
  • 3.6K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The NifA–NifL System for Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen–fixing bacteria execute biological nitrogen fixation through nitrogenase, converting inert dinitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere into bioavailable nitrogen. Elaborating the molecular mechanisms of orderly and efficient biological nitrogen fixation and applying them to agricultural production can alleviate the “nitrogen problem”. Azotobacter vinelandii is a well–established model bacterium for studying nitrogen fixation, utilizing nitrogenase encoded by the nif gene cluster to fix nitrogen. In Azotobacter vinelandii, the NifA–NifL system fine–tunes the nif gene cluster transcription by sensing the redox signals and energy status, then modulating nitrogen fixation. 
  • 3.6K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Biosensors
Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip technology establish solid foundations for wearable biosensors. These newly emerging wearable biosensors are capable of non-invasive, continuous monitoring by miniaturization of electronics and integration with microfluidics. The advent of flexible electronics, biochemical sensors, soft microfluidics, and pain-free microneedles have created new generations of wearable biosensors that explore brand-new avenues to interface with the human epidermis for monitoring physiological status. However, these devices are relatively underexplored for sports monitoring and analytics, which may be largely facilitated by the recent emergence of wearable biosensors characterized by real-time, non-invasive, and non-irritating sensing capacities.
  • 3.6K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Compliant Continuum Robots
Compliant continuum robots (CCRs) are usually made of elastic materials, including nitinol alloy (NiTi), silicone, rubberand polyamide, etc. They are designed to be slender, i.e., low diameter to length ratio. CCRs have been widely employed in a constraint environment to manipulate tasks, such as minimally invasive cardiac surgery, orthopaedic surgery, endoscopic surgery, bariatric surgeryand the inspection of gas turbine engines, in-situ aero-engine maintenance works.
  • 3.6K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Storage of Cereals in Warehouses
Storage of Cereals in Warehouses refers to the methods of how people restore the cereals. In this entry, we depict the development history and basic storage information. For decades, the use of various synthetic pesticides has been the key factor in the proper and long-term storage of cereals. Unfortunately, we are faced with non-acceptable data regarding the effects of synthetic pesticides. Due to this, further steps have been made in order to take measures to reduce the use and risk of chemical pesticides by 50% by 2030 and to reduce the use of more dangerous pesticides by 50% by 2030. The concept of integrated pest management has been promoted as a dynamic and flexible approach leading to the reduction of chemical pesticide usage and their negative effects on the environment. 
  • 3.6K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Board Games in Improving Speaking
English is a fundamental language to learn as it is used worldwide. The teaching and learning of English has been emphasized in Malaysia as English plays a major role in global communication. However, speaking performance was recorded as poor and weak among pupils in ESL classrooms. Previous researchers explored a myriad of communicative language activities to improve speaking skill. Board games are employed as one of the most useful tools to improve speaking skills among pupils.
  • 3.6K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Effective Self-Management in Chronic Kidney Disease?
The role of self-management is gaining increasing attention in the management of long-term conditions, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Self-management refers to the means by which people take an active role in their healthcare. In the UK, supported self-management is part of the National Health Service’s (NHS’s) commitment to make personalised care the norm. This emphasises the need to encourage, support and empower people to manage their ongoing health themselves In order for an individual to be able to look after their health and effectively manage their long-term condition, they need to have the knowledge to understand what to do and why, the skills to be able to perform the required tasks or behaviours, and the confidence that they can do it—this has been termed patient activation.
  • 3.6K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Embryogenesis
Human embryogenesis refers to the development and formation of the human embryo. It is characterised by the process of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Fertilisation occurs when the sperm cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (ovum). The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of prenatal development commences. Embryogenesis covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of gestation (pregnancy) is nine months or 38 weeks. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days. During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus. Embryogenesis continues with the next stage of gastrulation, when the three germ layers of the embryo form in a process called histogenesis, and the processes of neurulation and organogenesis follow. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs. The entire process of embryogenesis involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in gene expression, cell growth and cellular differentiation. A nearly identical process occurs in other species, especially among chordates.
  • 3.6K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Neutralization
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no excess of hydrogen or hydroxide ions present in the solution. The pH of the neutralized solution depends on the acid strength of the reactants.
  • 3.6K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Economic Sustainability of Cassava Farmers in Thailand
Cassava harvest practices and choose a pricing scheme between farmers and factories, cassava yards, and collectors in Thailand. Harvest practices represent all activities from land preparation to harvest.
  • 3.6K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNA Processing by Dicer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are about 22 nucleotides in length. They regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally with the effector protein complex, containing Argonaute or trinucleotide repeat containing 6 (TNRC6) proteins, and target mRNAs in a sequence-dependent manner, causing the translational repression and destabilization of the target mRNAs. Both Drosha and Dicer, members of the RNase III family proteins, are essential components in the canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway. miRNA is transcribed into primary-miRNA (pri-miRNA) from genomic DNA. Drosha then cleaves the flanking regions of pri-miRNA into precursor-miRNA (pre-miRNA), while Dicer cleaves the loop region of the pre-miRNA to form a miRNA duplex. In this report, we summarized and discussed the current reports in which double-stranded RNA binding proteins (dsRBPs), such as TAR RNA binding protein (TRBP) or the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR), modulate the processing of miRNA by Dicer in various manners. 
  • 3.6K
  • 01 Oct 2021
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