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Topic Review
Diet and Anxiety
The term anxiety describes the experience of worry, apprehension, or nervousness in association with physical, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Anxiety may be experienced occasionally as part of normal life and may be adaptive if it increases preparedness for novel situations. If anxiety symptoms are persistent, excessive, or interfere with functioning, they can become pathological.
  • 621
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression Catabolism Syndrome
Combining new immunological insights with great clinical experience is how the Persistent Inflammation, Immunosuppression and Catabolism Syndrome (PICS) was first described in 2012 [1]. The attempt to translate fundamental research into readily available surrogates in order to describe a clinical condition is how biomarkers and their cut-offs were determined. In the recent past, PICS has more and more become an acknowledged concept regarding ICU patients on their transition to chronic critical illness.
  • 620
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation
A woman’s nutritional status during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not only critical for her health, but also for that of future generations. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy differ considerably from those of non-pregnant women. Thus, a personalized approach to nutritional advice is recommended. Currently, some countries recommend routine supplementation for all pregnant women, while others recommend supplements only when necessary. Maternal physiological adaptations, as well as nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation, will be reviewed in the literature examining the impacts of dietary changes. All of these data have been studied deeply to facilitate a discussion on dietary supplement use and the recommended doses of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation. 
  • 620
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sicana odorifera Naudim Vell. Seeds By-Products
The “Kurugua” (Sicana odorifera) is a native fruit that demonstrates attractive nutritional, coloring, flavoring, and antioxidant properties. The main by-products from the processing and consumption of kurugua fruit are epicarp and seeds.
  • 620
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phosphate Homeostasis
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient that is critically important in the control of cell and tissue function and body homeostasis. Phosphorus excess may result in severe adverse medical consequences.
  • 619
  • 04 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota as a Contributor to Chronic Inflammation
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host’s immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. 
  • 619
  • 28 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Postprandial NMR-Based Metabolic Exchanges
The postprandial period represents one of the most challenging phenomena in whole-body metabolism, and it can be used as a unique window to evaluate the phenotypic flexibility of an individual in response to a given meal, which can be done by measuring the resilience of the metabolome. However, this exploration of the metabolism has never been applied to the arteriovenous exploration of organs metabolism. We identified for the first time a postprandial signature associated to the insulin resistance and obesity outcomes, and we showed that the splanchnic postprandial metabolome was considerably affected by the meal and the obesity condition. Some of our results reflect a loss of flexibility in response to the high fat-high sucrose meal challenge in unsuspected metabolic pathways that must be further explored as potential new events involved in early obesity and the onset of insulin resistance.
  • 618
  • 01 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3) confer cardiovascular (CV) benefits through Triglyceride (TG) reduction, anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic effects, vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, improved arterial and endothelial function, favorable autonomic tone, and reduced platelet aggregation
  • 618
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Plant Food Byproducts as Antioxidant Dietary Fiber Sources
Traditionally, the fruit and vegetable processing industries have generated large amounts of byproducts, which can be used in the food industry as functional ingredients and can be considered as an abundant and economical source of valuable compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, carotenoids, and dietary fiber. Here, researchers describe some examples of fruits and vegetables as excellent sources of antioxidant dietary fiber. 
  • 616
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sterol-Rich Sunflower Press Oil
Plant sterols or phytosterols (PS) are compounds with proven health benefits. Their richest natural sources are vegetable oils, followed by nuts and legumes. Extracted from plants, free PS are widely used in fortified foods and dietary supplements. In most cases, free PS are extracted using organic solvents that are harmful to human health as well as to the environment. The food industry is currently facing the challenge of obtaining foods enriched with bioactive compounds while applying minimal processing. In this context, the production of PS-enriched seeds may be a good option to increase PS in our diet simply through the intake of vegetable oils.
  • 615
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Role of Selenium in Viral Infections
Viral infections have afflicted human health and despite great advancements in scientific knowledge and technologies, continue to affect our society today. The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has put a spotlight on the need to review the evidence on the impact of nutritional strategies to maintain a healthy immune system, particularly in instances where there are limited therapeutic treatments. Selenium, an essential trace element in humans, has a long history of lowering the occurrence and severity of viral infections. Much of the benefits derived from selenium are due to its incorporation into selenocysteine, an important component of proteins known as selenoproteins. Viral infections are associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species and may result in oxidative stress. Studies suggest that selenium deficiency alters immune response and viral infection by increasing oxidative stress and the rate of mutations in the viral genome, leading to an increase in pathogenicity and damage to the host. 
  • 613
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Prebiotics and Allergy
Allergic diseases now affect over 30% of individuals in many communities, particularly young children, underscoring the need for effective prevention strategies in early life. These allergic conditions have been linked to environmental and lifestyle changes driving the dysfunction of three interdependent biological systems: microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune system. While this is multifactorial, dietary changes are of particular interest in the altered establishment and maturation of the microbiome, including the associated profile of metabolites that modulate immune development and barrier function. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially influence the health of the host by 1) acting as a fermentable substrate for some specific commensal host bacteria leading to the release of short-chain fatty acids in the gut intestinal tract influencing many molecular and cellular processes; 2) acting directly on several compartments and specifically on different patterns of cells (epithelial and immune cells). Nutrients with prebiotic properties are therefore of central interest in allergy prevention for their potential to promote a more tolerogenic environment through these multiple pathways. 
  • 613
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease.
  • 611
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with a chronic or recurrent clinical course, characterized by phases of exacerbation and remission. The clinical presentation has a heterogeneous phenotypic spectrum, characterized by gastrointestinal and extraintestinal manifestations, with atypical or non-specific symptoms. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the most typical conditions in this spectrum, and they differ in anatomical location and type of lesions. The etiology is multifactorial, and to date, the prevailing hypothesis is that an abnormal mucosal immunological response is triggered against ubiquitous antigens, such as the resident bacterial flora, in genetically predisposed individuals. However, since the 1970s, in the pathogenesis of IBD diseases, there has been an increase in the number of diagnoses, especially in industrialized countries, thus highlighting the potential role of environmental factors, such as lifestyle and dietary habits, the interaction between diet and the susceptibility to gene variants, abnormal gut microbiota and altered immune response.
  • 610
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a range of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin release, insulin action, or both. DM is a widespread condition that affects a substantial portion of the global population, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The main symptoms of diabetes include increased blood glucose, excessive thirst, frequent urination, impaired vision, hyperphagia, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting.
  • 610
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Childhood Supplementation
The pivotal role of childhood nutrition has always roused a growing interest from the scientific community. Plant extracts play a significant role in the maintenance of human health and wellness, with the potential to modulate risk factors and manage symptoms for a large number of common childhood disorders such as memory impairment, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic derangements, and pathologies related to the oral cavity.
  • 608
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
High-Fat Diets-Mediated Oxidative Stress
Cognitive dysfunction is linked to chronic low-grade inflammatory stress that contributes to cell-mediated immunity in creating an oxidative environment. Food is a vitally important energy source; it affects brain function and provides direct energy. Several studies have indicated that high-fat consumption causes overproduction of circulating free fatty acids and systemic inflammation. Immune cells, free fatty acids, and circulating cytokines reach the hypothalamus and initiate local inflammation through processes such as microglial proliferation.
  • 607
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Obesity
Microbiota-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs), primarily acetate, propionate and butyrate, are metabolites produced by gut microbiota via dietary non-digestible carbohydrates (CHO) fermentation. Maternal very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) during pregnancy and lactation stimulates the growth of diverse species of SCFA-producing bacteria, which may induce epigenetic changes in infant obese gene expression and modulate adipose tissue inflammation in obesity.
  • 607
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diet Advice for Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive, and destructive granulomatous inflammatory bowel disorder that can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. This is a review on diet and Crohn's disease; It is important for practitioners and patients with IBD.
  • 606
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Neurodevelopment
There is a lot of interest in and buzz around improving brain potential (neurodevelopment) of our children. Various types of nutrition supplements are therefore advised/consumed to boost neurodevelopment, often without proper scientific evidence. India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The first 1000 days (conception to 2 years) are very critical for the growth and development of a child. Maternal nutrition during this time impacts the development of brain structure and function. Thus poor maternal diets (lacking in important nutrients) can result in delayed brain development and diseases in the offspring. Higher intake of a specific fat type known as long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (especially DHA) has been linked to better motor and mental development. The main dietary source of DHA is fatty fish and marine oils. Indian diets are largely DHA-deficient and the population levels of plasma DHA among Indians are reported to be very low. There are no harmful effects of consuming DHA during pregnancy or lactation. Thus we carried out a high quality rigorous randomized controlled trial (#DHANI trial*) supplementing 957 pregnant Indian women with either DHA or placebo capsules to examine how DHA impacts the brain development of the offspring. These capsules were given from <20 weeks of gestation to 6 months postpartum. The infants born to these supplemented mothers were tested using a standardized non-invasive tool called the Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian infants (DASII). This provides a developmental quotient (DQ) score taking the mental and motor development into consideration. Our published study* provides evidence that the maternal supplementation through pregnancy and lactation with DHA did not benefit their infant’s neurodevelopment at one year of age. Deeper insights into maternal dietary patterns, young child feeding practices, home environment, and the interactions amongst these factors are warranted to understand what shapes early neurodevelopment. Ongoing follow-up is needed, particularly given the ubiquity of DHA-supplemented health drinks, formulas and foods for children for touted cognitive enhancements in Indian markets.
  • 605
  • 20 Oct 2020
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