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Topic Review
Technological Development of Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) are a transport mode that uses an electric motor. That is, EVs are all types of cars that can be powered partly or fully by electricity. The first autonomous vehicles (AVs) concept was introduced by the Detroit-based American carmaker General Motors (Detroit, MI, USA) in 1939. The initial phase of research and development was jointly initiated by General Motors and the Radio Corporation of America Sarnoff Laboratory (New York, NY, USA) in the 1950s.
  • 764
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain for Revolutionary Maritime Evolution
The nautical sector is progressively transitioning towards a digital framework, aiming to harness collective benefits. This evolution involves integrating disparate existing systems into more unified, scalable platforms. Yet, this shift encounters several obstacles. In response, it is proposed to employ cutting-edge technologies like blockchain, which resonate well with the industry's requisites. The study adopts a comprehensive approach, intertwining an array of sources including scholarly literature, online data, practical applications, and industry projects, to illuminate blockchain's contributions and its potential applications. It further investigate its applicability, drawing parallels and projections from other industries. Moreover, the research delves into the challenges and proposes viable solutions. This inquiry serves as an initial exploration into blockchain's integration in the maritime realm, endorsing its transformative potential. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to be valuable for academics, policy strategists, and industry professionals in the maritime field.
  • 763
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MV Pribilof
MV Pribilof was an American refrigerated cargo ship in commission in the fleet of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) from 1964 to 1970 and in the fleet of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration′s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) from 1970 to 1975. She ran a cargo service between Seattle, Washington (state) , and the Pribilof Islands – the last of the United States Government "Pribilof tenders" to carry out this function – and also made USFWS and NMFS research cruises in the Pribilofs. Prior to her USFWS service, Pribilof was the United States Army cargo ship FSR-791. After the NMFS decommissioned her, she operated as a commercial cargo ship and later as a commercial factory ship.
  • 762
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cybersecurity in the Maritime Sector
Global maritime sector is increasingly reliant on digitalisation, operational integration, and automation. Leading shipbuilders and operators seek to innovate by utilizing cutting-edge technologies and systems that go beyond traditional designs to create ships with advanced remote control, communication, and connectivity capabilities. Those capabilities are tested through various autonomous vessel projects.
  • 761
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lasersaur
Lasersaur is an open source laser cutter which was developed by NORTD Labs. Nortd Labs started shipping Lasersaur alpha kits in late 2010 after successful funding of the project in July 2010 on Kickstarter. Currently the project is funded via donations from their website or by purchasing part kits.
  • 761
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Shared Mobility on Transportation Systems
Shared mobility is one of the smart city applications in which traditional individually owned vehicles are transformed into shared and distributed ownership. Ensuring the safety of both drivers and riders is a fundamental requirement in shared mobility. 
  • 761
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicle Vulnerabilities
Autonomous vehicles (AVs), defined as vehicles capable of navigation and decision-making independent of human intervention, represent a revolutionary advancement in transportation technology. These vehicles operate by synthesizing an array of sophisticated technologies, including sensors, cameras, GPS, radar, light imaging detection and ranging (LiDAR), and advanced computing systems. These components work in concert to accurately perceive the vehicle’s environment, ensuring the capacity to make optimal decisions in real time. At the heart of AV functionality lies the ability to facilitate intercommunication between vehicles and with critical road infrastructure—a characteristic that, while central to their efficacy, also renders them susceptible to cyber threats. The potential infiltration of these communication channels poses a severe threat, enabling the possibility of personal information theft or the introduction of malicious software that could compromise vehicle safety.
  • 760
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Fangzhou UAV
Fangzhou UAVs are Chinese UAVs developed by Suzhou Fangzhou (meaning Ark) Aerial-Model Co., Ltd. (Fangzhou, 苏州方舟航模有限公司). Originally a successful model aircraft manufacturer, Tiancai has expanded its business into UAV arena based on the experience gained in developing model aircraft. Currently, all UAV developed by Fangzhou are unmanned blimps in categories listed below.
  • 758
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nobel Moral 260
Nobel Moral 260 is a series of Chinese Unmanned Aerial Vehicles developed by Shenyang Noble Moral Aviation (Noble Moral, 沈阳通飞航空科技有限公司), which originally had jointly developed several unmanned helicopters with Tianjin University and Shenyang Institute of Automation (SYIA, 沈阳自动化研究所) of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Based on the experience gained from these projects, Nobel Moral has since developed numerous unmanned helicopters of its own, and 260 series is a family of such unmanned helicopters based on TJU 260 gasonsline powered UAV. The general designer of these UAVs is Mr. Liu Bin (刘宾), who is also the founder of the company.
  • 753
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
BFR Satellite Delivery Spacecraft
The Big Falcon Rocket (officially shortened to BFR) is a privately funded fully reusable launch vehicle and spacecraft system in development by SpaceX. The overall space vehicle architecture includes both launch vehicles and spacecraft, as well as ground infrastructure for rapid launch and relaunch, and zero-gravity propellant transfer technology to be deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO). The payload capacity to Earth orbit of at least 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) makes BFR a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. The first orbital flight is tentatively planned for 2020. SpaceX has been developing a super heavy-lift launch vehicle for many years, with the exact design and nomenclature of the vehicle undergoing multiple revisions over time. Before 2016, the vehicle was referred to as the Mars Colonial Transporter (MCT), though very few details about the design of the MCT were ever made public. Starting from 2016, SpaceX began sharing annual updates with the public, detailing the designs and uses of their upcoming new launch vehicle. In 2016, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk presented the vehicle at the International Astronautical Congress as the ITS launch vehicle, forming a core part of Musk's comprehensive vision for an Interplanetary Transport System (ITS). The ITS vehicle had a 12-meter (39 ft) core diameter, but was only intended for interplanetary travel. In September 2017, the design (now known as the BFR) was scaled down to 9 meters (30 ft) While the ITS had been solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses, SpaceX pivoted to a plan that would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities with a single set of 9-meter vehicles: Earth orbit, lunar orbit, Interplanetary spaceflight, and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth. In September 2018, a redesign of the second stage was announced, adding steerable canards, two radially adjustable fins also acting as landing legs, and a third leg that looks like a vertical stabilizer but has no aerodynamic function due to the special re-entry profile of the spacecraft. The launch vehicle design is dependent on the concurrent development work on the Raptor rocket engines, which are cryogenic methalox-fueled engines to be used for both stages of the BFR launch vehicle. Development on the Raptor began in 2012, leading to engine testing which began in 2016. The BFR system is intended to completely replace all of SpaceX's existing space hardware (the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, and the Dragon spacecraft), initially aiming at the Earth-orbit launch market, but explicitly adding substantial capability to support long-duration spaceflight in the cislunar and Mars transport flight environments.
  • 746
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Characterisation and Development of Controlled Auto-Ignition Engines
Gasoline engines employing the spatially distributed auto-ignition combustion mode, known as controlled auto-ignition (CAI), are a prospective technology for significantly improving engine efficiency and reducing emissions.
  • 744
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Origin-Destination Estimation
The origin–destination matrix (OD matrix) reflects the expected movement intensity of road users, where each element is the number of trips between the two traffic analysis zones (TAZs). It can represent the traffic demand over different time scales, from hours to years, corresponding to the dynamic and static OD inference problem, respectively. In the short term, it can be applied both as the initial input to the simulator and to boost the precision of short-term traffic flow forecasts. In the long term, the OD matrix provides the details on the average daily mobility needs of city’s inhabitants and can help assess the urban layout’s rationality and plan future infrastructure development.
  • 742
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
USFS Crane
USFS Crane was an American fishery patrol vessel that operated in the waters of the Territory of Alaska. She was in commission in the United States Bureau of Fisheries (BOF) fleet from 1928 to 1940. She then served as US FWS Crane in the fleet of the Fish and Wildlife Service from 1940 to 1960. After a brief stint in the fleet of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game during 1960, she was sold into private service, at various times named Crane, Brapo, Fishing 5, Belle, and Patricia during the 1960s and 1970s and then again Crane since 1978. She remained in service as of 2020.
  • 735
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Optimizing Energy Harvesting
Recycling braking energy is crucial in increasing the overall energy efficiency of an electric vehicle. Regenerative braking system (RBS) technology makes a significant contribution, but it is quite challenging to design an optimal braking force distribution while ensuring vehicle stability and battery health.
  • 723
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
System for Ranking and Matching Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) have become popular in the last decade because of their advantages compared to conventional vehicles. The market offers dozens of EV models in a large range of prices, performances, and specifications. It is very important to have a decision support system that will help buyers and sellers navigate the mission to match the customer’s requirements and the preferred car.
  • 716
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Digital, Green and Sustainable Technologies in Manufacturing Transportation
The digital and green transitions with the introduction of Industry 5.0 concept remain imperative, now with a human worker placed again in the center of the system to improve efficiency and productivity with a special contribution to general society. The implementation of digital technologies by Industry 4.0 standards implicated the removal of a physical worker from the production process, complete automatization of operations, and, therefore, a need for new skills and workplaces. This has created the most common barrier in Industry 4.0 implementation, which is the lack of human knowledge and skills to provide the transition and their capability to work in new positions of an Operator 4.0, included in control, optimization, and decision-making processes rather than manual work.
  • 714
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ground Mobility Vehicle (Proposed Vehicle)
The Ground Mobility Vehicle (GMV) formerly known as the Ultra Light Combat Vehicle (ULCV), is a U.S. Army proposed airdroppable light off-road vehicle to improve the mobility of light infantry brigades. In March 2015, the Army changed the name of the ULCV to the Ground Mobility Vehicle. GMV is intended to be carried internally in a CH-47 Chinook or externally by a UH-60 Black Hawk. In order to be survivable but transportable, the GMV would be lightly armored and use speed, maneuverability, and off-road mobility to avoid major threats.
  • 711
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicle Decision-Making for Handling a Round Intersection
Autonomous shuttles have been used as end-mile solutions for smart mobility in smart cities. The urban driving conditions of smart cities with many other actors sharing the road and the presence of intersections have posed challenges to the use of autonomous shuttles. Round intersections are more challenging because it is more difficult to perceive the other vehicles in and near the intersection. 
  • 709
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Aftermarket Exhaust Parts
Aftermarket exhaust parts are intended to replace the factory fitted exhaust components of a car, motorcycle, or other motor vehicle in order to improve the performance, visual appeal, or sound of the vehicle. Generally, performance enhancements are achieved by reducing the back pressure of the factory exhaust system. Frequently a side effect of a free-flowing exhaust system is either a "different" sound, a higher noise level, or both, which is desirable to some people. Aftermarket exhaust parts can also be a styling upgrade by changes to the visible parts of the exhaust like the exhaust tips. The intent of an aftermarket component is not necessarily to modify the appearance, sound, or performance of the vehicle in question. While that is almost always the goal if the aftermarket component is replacing a fully working component, it is frequently the case that when the stock or factory component has worn out that an aftermarket component is either more widely available or less expensive than a factory or OEM replacement.
  • 688
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
BSafe-360
The popularity of bicycles as a mode of transportation has been steadily increasing. However, concerns about cyclist safety persist due to a need for comprehensive data. This data scarcity hinders accurate assessment of bicycle safety and identification of factors that contribute to the occurrence and severity of bicycle collisions in urban environments. The BSafe-360, a novel multi-sensor device designed as a data acquisition system (DAS) for collecting naturalistic cycling data, which provides a high granularity of cyclist behavior and interactions with other road users.
  • 688
  • 07 Aug 2023
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