Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Nanoengineering to Modulate Macrophage Polarization
Modulation of macrophage plasticity is emerging as a successful strategy in tissue engineering (TE) to control the immune response elicited by the implanted material. Indeed, one major determinant of success in regenerating tissues and organs is to achieve the correct balance between immune pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution players. In recent years, nanoparticle-mediated macrophage polarization towards the pro- or anti-inflammatory subtypes is gaining increasing interest in the biomedical field. In TE, despite significant progress in the use of nanomaterials, the full potential of nanoparticles as effective immunomodulators has not yet been completely realized. This work discusses the contribution that bioactive inorganic nanoparticles may give to TE applications, helping native or synthetic scaffolds to direct macrophage polarization for skeletal muscle regeneration. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Triazine-Based Liquid Crystal Dendrimers
Most triazine-based liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimers reported thus far are the main-chain LC macromolecules with long flexible chains at their periphery and attached to internal rigid or semi-rigid frameworks. Their formation of mesogenic phases often depends on the intermolecular face-to-face π–π interactions between dendritic molecules, which are unusual. Their mesogenic phases can also be formed by incorporation of mesogenic units to the dendritic skeletons through long flexible chains, as most side-chain LC dendrimers, in which the peripheral mesogenic units generally play the important roles. For main-chain triazine-based dendrimers, their morphology is maintained by restricted freedom of rigid or semi-rigid connecting units, and their formations of LC phases are therefore not straightforward to be controlled.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Boron Vehiculating Nanosystems in Cancer Treatment
Boron neutron capture therapy is a low-invasive cancer therapy based on the neutron fission process that occurs upon thermal neutron irradiation of 10B-containing compounds; this process causes the release of alpha particles that selectively damage cancer cells. Although several clinical studies involving mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate and the boronophenylalanine–fructose complex are currently ongoing, the success of this promising anticancer therapy is hampered by the lack of appropriate drug delivery systems to selectively carry therapeutic concentrations of boron atoms to cancer tissues, allowing prolonged boron retention therein and avoiding the damage of healthy tissues. To achieve these goals, numerous research groups have explored the possibility to formulate nanoparticulate systems for boron delivery. Here the researchers report the newest developments on boron vehiculating drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles, distinguished on the basis of the type of carrier used, with a specific focus on the formulation aspects.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Scaffolds for Vascular Regeneration
Vascular regeneration remains a challenging issue in tissue engineering. Poor vascularization often limits the size of regenerated tissue and leads to cell death. Improving vascularization could largely increase the regeneration efficacy and the survival of regenerated tissue. Nanofibrous scaffolds are widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to well-known advantages, which can mimic the mechanical and structural properties of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). This review presents the recent strategies to improve nanofibrous scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Different nanofibrous scaffolds design, including nanofiber structuring and surface functionalization, to improve scaffolds properties are explained. The review also focuses on recent advances in electrospun fibrous scaffolds for vascular regeneration such as changing architecture and controlling the release of bioactive components. In vivo tests of these nanofibrous scaffolds have been considered as the further step to validate the angiogenic potential of the scaffolds.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Synthesis of Perovskite Nanowires
Metal halide perovskites are promising energy materials because of their high absorption coefficients, long carrier lifetimes, strong photoluminescence, and low cost. Low-dimensional halide perovskites, especially one-dimensional (1D) halide perovskite nanowires (NWs), have become a hot research topic in optoelectronics owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Graphene: From Fabrication to Applications
In the new era of modern flexible and bendable technology, graphene-based materials have attracted tremendous attention. The excellent electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene as well as the ease of functionalization of its derivates enable graphene to become an attractive candidate in the construction of flexible devices.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Electrospinning of Essential Oils
Essential oils (EOs) have been widely exploited for their biological properties (mainly as antimicrobials) in the food industry. Encapsulation of EOs has opened the way to the utilization of EOs in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Electrospinning (ES) has proved a convenient and versatile method for the encapsulation of EOs into multifunctional nanofibers.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanotube Functionalization
The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are modified by different routes, such as covalent and non-covalent modification of the outer surface, the substitution of atoms or the filling of CNT channels. Covalent functionalization (adsorption) requires reactive species that can form covalent adducts with the sp2 carbon of CNT. The main advantage of the covalent functionalization of CNTs is that it is stronger than non-covalent interactions, however, it requires damage to the sidewalls. Unlike non-covalent functionalization, it changes the electronic structure, resulting in the irreversible loss of double bonds. These changes can affect conductivity properties and therefore, some applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Inherently Antimicrobial Nano-Systems
Inherently antimicrobial properties have been established for a number of materials, including silver, copper, and certain polymers, such as chitosan. Nanomaterials made of these inherently antimicrobial materials have attracted attention for combatting AMR because bacterial resistance to these materials is rare. However, many inherently antimicrobial nanomaterials can be cytotoxic, so they are often combined with other materials in hybrid nano-systems to increase their biocompatibility. These inherently antimicrobial nano-systems have many practical applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Sensors for Bromate Determination
Potassium bromate (KBrO3), a renowned oxidizing agent, has a huge reputation for being one of the best and least expensive dough-improving substances in the baking industry. As such, its importance in the baking industry cannot be overemphasized. KBrO3 produced the desired result in baking by influencing the physical and chemical properties of macromolecules such as protein and starch often found in the dough. Precisely, the viscosity, extent of gelatinization, swelling characteristics of the dough, and disulfide linkage formation (in gluten proteins) are affected by the use of KBrO3 as an additive in bread baking. Bromate has been found to be a product of water treatment due to bromide ion oxidation that occurs during ozonation.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ZnO Binary and Ternary Composites
ZnO is a promising anode candidate for LIBs owing to its high theoretical capacity (978 mAh g−1). However, because of its limitations, such as its slow chemical reaction kinetics, rapid capacity fading, and poor rate capability, composites of ZnO must be formed with other materials. The highlighted studies on ZnO-based binary and ternary composites as anode for LIBs with different synthesis methods are summarized.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Technical Features of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
Hydrogels are a form of highly hydrophilic biomaterials with three-dimensional architecture that can retain a significant amount of water and swell without disintegrating. Hydrogels can be either synthetic, natural, or hybrid forms. Natural polymer hydrogels are those derived from naturally sourced polymers, including polysaccharides, polynucleotides, and proteins. Neutral, cationic, and anionic categories describe the chemical properties of natural sources of polymers. These polymers are easily accessible, ubiquitous, affordable, non-toxic, renewable, and have other appealing biological features.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Imogolite Nanotubes
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) represent a model of nanoplatforms with an untapped potential for advanced technological applications. Easily synthesized by sol-gel methods, these nanotubes are directly obtained with a monodisperse pore size. Coupled with the possibility to adjust their surface properties by using straightforward functionalization processes, INTs form a unique class of diameter-controlled nanotubes with functional interfaces. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Inorganic Nanoparticles in BC Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative modality to conventional cancer treatment, whereby a specific wavelength of light is applied to a targeted tumor, which has either a photosensitizer or photochemotherapeutic agent localized within it. This light activates the photosensitizer in the presence of molecular oxygen to produce phototoxic species, which in turn obliterate cancer cells. The incidence rate of breast cancer (BC) is regularly growing among women, which are currently being treated with methods, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. These conventional treatment methods are invasive and often produce unwanted side effects, whereas PDT is more specific and localized method of cancer treatment. The utilization of nanoparticles in PDT has shown great advantages compared to free photosensitizers in terms of solubility, early degradation, and bio-distribution, as well as far more effective intercellular penetration and uptake in targeted cancer cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Production of 2D Bismuthene
Bismuthene exhibits layer-dependent direct bandgaps, high carrier mobility, and topological insulator properties because of its unique structure and ultrathin nature, distinguishing it as a promising candidate for photonic applications. Particularly, its outstanding stability in air makes bismuthene more advantageous than phosphorene for practical applications. Effective fabrication methods to realize high quality bismuthene are the key to realizing devices with outstanding performance. It is well known that top-down and bottom-up methods are the two main strategies for synthesizing 2D materials.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Photonic Crystals-based Plasmonic Photocatalysts
Plasmonic photocatalysts, noble-metal (NM)-modified wide-bandgap semiconductors with activity under visible-light (vis) irradiation, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), have been intensively investigated over the last few years as efficient materials for environmental purification and energy conversion. However, the low quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions under vis irradiation, resulting from fast charge carriers' recombination, must be overcome for possible commercialization. Accordingly, the morphology design of plasmonic photocatalysts for efficient light harvesting has been proposed by using wide-bandgap semiconductors in the form of photonic crystals (PCs). 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic Solid Nanoparticles and Their Counterparts
Cancer is a malignant disease involving uncontrolled and rapid growth of aberrant and nonfunctional cells as a result of epigenetic and genetic modifications. These have the capacity to metastasize to distant organs of the body. Within the cancer field, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained interest as highly functionalized tools that can be applied to diagnosis, monitorization, and therapy. Their relative straightforward synthesis, functionalization, purification, and characterization, together with their usually good biodegradability and diagnostic platform potential, confer major advantages for their use in cancer theranostics. Magnetic solid lipid nanoparticles (mSLNs) represent a new class of functional nanoplatforms that usually consist of inorganic magnetic nanoparticles incorporated in solid lipid nano-matrices and which have great applicability in the medical field.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Drug Delievery of Nanocrystals
The development of new drugs is often hindered by low solubility in water, a problem common to nearly 90% of natural and/or synthetic molecules in the discovery pipeline. Nanocrystalline drug technology involves the reduction in the bulk particle size down to the nanosize range, thus modifying its physico-chemical properties with beneficial effects on drug bioavailability. Nanocrystals (NCs) are carrier-free drug particles surrounded by a stabilizer and suspended in an aqueous medium. Due to high drug loading, NCs maintain a potent therapeutic concentration to produce desirable pharmacological action, particularly useful in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In addition to the therapeutic purpose, NC technology can be applied for diagnostic scope. The possibility of adapting NCs to different pharmaceutical forms has led to the development of these nanosystems for different routes of administration, among which the most studied is the oral route.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Analytical Techniques for Detection of Quantum Dots
Since the discovery of Quantum Dots (QDs) by Alexey I. Ekimov in 1981, the interest of researchers in that particular type of nanomaterials (NMs) with unique optical and electrical properties has been increasing year by year. Thus, since 2009, the number of scientific articles published on this topic has not been less than a thousand a year. The increasing use of QDs due to their biomedical, pharmaceutical, biological, photovoltaics or computing applications, as well as many other high-tech uses such as for displays and solid-state lighting (SSL), has given rise to a considerable number of studies about its potential toxicity. However, there are a really low number of reported studies on the detection and quantification of QDs, and these include ICP–MS and electrochemical analysis, which are the most common quantification techniques employed for this purpose. Keeping in mind both human health and environmental risks of QDs as well as the scarcity of analytical techniques and methodological approaches for their detection, the adaptation of existing techniques and methods used with other NMs appears necessary. 
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Application in Wound Healing
Wound healing requires careful, directed, and effective therapies to prevent infections and accelerate tissue regeneration. In light of these demands, active biomolecules with antibacterial properties and/or healing capacities have been functionalized onto nanostructured polymeric dressings and their synergistic effect examined. In this work, various antibiotics, nanoparticles, and natural extract-derived products that were used in association with electrospun nanocomposites containing cellulose, cellulose acetate and different types of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) have been reviewed. The impact of these combinations in wound healing are here examined and explored.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 43
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback