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Topic Review
Transition Process of Low-Head Pumping Station
The transition process of the low-lift pump mainly refers to the start–stop process. Due to the opening and closing of the gate, the sudden change in the flow velocity in the pipeline causes the water hammer phenomenon. This hydraulic process is called the transition process. Experience shows that hydraulic machinery accidents mainly occur in the transition process. Therefore, the study of the start–stop transition process of the pump has an important guiding significance for the safe operation of the pumping station.
  • 656
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recent Combustion Strategies in Propulsion and Power Generation
The effects of climate change and global warming are arising a new awareness on the impact of our daily life. Power generation for transportation and mobility as well as in industry is the main responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, currently, 80% of the energy is still produced by combustion of fossil fuels; thus, great efforts need to be spent to make combustion greener and safer than in the past. For this reason, a review of the most recent gas turbines combustion strategy with a focus on fuels, combustion techniques, and burners is presented here. A new generation of fuels for gas turbines are currently under investigation by the academic community, with a specific concern about production and storage. Among them, biofuels represent a trustworthy and valuable solution in the next decades during the transition to zero carbon fuels (e.g., hydrogen and ammonia). Promising combustion techniques explored in the past, and then abandoned due to their technological complexity, are now receiving renewed attention (e.g., MILD, PVC), thanks to their effectiveness in improving the efficiency and reducing emissions of standard gas turbine cycles. Finally, many advances are illustrated in terms of new burners, developed for both aviation and power generation. This overview points out promising solutions for the next generation combustion and opens the way to a fast transition toward zero emissions power generation.
  • 654
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Anomaly Electricity Usage Behavior
Due to the climate crisis, energy-saving issues and carbon reduction have become the top priority for all countries. Owing to the increasing popularity of advanced metering infrastructure and smart meters, the cost of acquiring data on residential electricity consumption has substantially dropped. This change promotes the analysis of residential electricity consumption, which features both small and complicated consumption behaviors, using machine learning to become an important research topic among various energy saving and carbon reduction measures.
  • 654
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Renewable-Energy System for Green Buildings
A hybrid system, such as solar and wind, may be more successful than nonhybrid systems in accelerating the transition from conventional to renewable power sources. These new energy sources have several challenges, such as intermittency, storage capacity, and grid stability.
  • 653
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Methods for Solar Energy Harnessing
The escalating concerns regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and finite fossil fuel resources have propelled scientists and engineers to explore alternative and renewable energy sources (RES). Among these, solar energy stands out as a remarkable prospect because it is abundant, renewable, and emits no direct pollutants during operation. The fundamental principles of solar energy conversion through photovoltaic technology is introduction, shedding light on the progress and potential of harnessing the sun’s energy for a cleaner, sustainable energy future.
  • 651
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Energy—Water Nexus
The relationship between water and energy is a strong one characterized as having integration and coupling as two important features. While energy is responsible for delivering water to the end-users, it needs energy in order to be generated, and water. In this paper, a thorough review is presented regarding the different relationships between water and energy in terms of (i) the significance of the close relationship between water and energy by means of water/energy generation and consumption. Water consumption, water cooling and heating must be taken into account in order to avoid the obstacles related to future use of water for energy generation; (ii) the measuring and monitoring technologies for the energy-water nexus, focusing attention on the variables that are interrelated in the water and energy sectors. In addition, the consequences of finding several parameters, unknown variables and unclear dependencies in measuring of energy usage in the applications of water usage should also be taken into account. Innovative developments including nanotechnology, biotechnology, and wireless networks, as sensor technologies, may resolve the challenges of sensing; (iii) the different key performance indication tools for assessing and quantifying this nexus by analyzing and categorizing recent case studies of the water energy nexus and applicable evaluation methods; and (iv) the different research dimensions conducted on this nexus.
  • 649
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Energy Storage in Rail Transportation
With the development of the global economy and the increase in environmental awareness, energy technology in transportation, especially the application of energy storage technology in rail transportation, has become a key area of research. Rail transportation systems are characterized by high energy consumption and poor power quality due to the more flexible regulation capability of energy storage technology in these aspects. 
  • 649
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Synergies between Shallow Geothermal Energy and DHC Networks
According to the EU Directive 2018/2001, “geothermal energy” means strictly “energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth”. Shallow geothermal energy (SGE) is a specific case where the temperature of the resources is generally under 30 °C (also known as “very-low enthalpy geothermal energy”). The heat exchange with surface-water bodies (sea, lakes, or rivers), ambient air, and sewage water is considered as “ambient energy” in the same document.
  • 649
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Waste Gasification Technologies
The commercially available gasification technologies are classified according to various parameters, including the heat supply method, the gasifying agent used, and the reactor type. As for the design of the gasifier, they typically fall into three main categories, the fixed-bed (co-current, countercurrent, and cross current), fluidized bed (bubbling and circulating), and entrained fluidized bed, and, in addition to these, there are rotary kiln and plasma reactors. All these reactors have advantages and disadvantages, and the selection depends on the scale of operation, the characteristics of the feedstock, and the desired application of the produced gas.
  • 646
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Power-to-Gas Technology
Power-to-gas technologies have been gaining ground and are increasingly proving their reliability. The possibility of implementing long-term energy storage and that of being able to capture and utilize carbon dioxide are currently too important to be ignored.
  • 644
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Bismuth-Graphene Nanohybrids
Photocatalysis is a classical solution to energy conversion and environmental pollution control problems. In photocatalysis, the development and exploration of new visible light catalysts and their synthesis and modification strategies are crucial. It is also essential to understand the mechanism of these reactions in the various reaction media. Recently, bismuth and graphene’s unique geometrical and electronic properties have attracted considerable attention in photocatalysis. 
  • 640
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Natural Gas Consumption Model for Polish Industrial Consumers
The transmission of natural gas is a key element of the Polish energy system. The published data of the Polish distribution system operators and the transmission system operator on the volume of gaseous fuel transmitted indicate a growing trend in the consumption of energy produced from natural gas. In connection with the energy transformation, switching energy generation sources from hard coal to natural gas in Poland, it is important for transmission operators to know the future demand for gaseous fuel.
  • 638
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bioethanol
Bioethanol is the most widely used alternative transportation fuel to petrol. Bioethanol is considered a clean, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuel that can contribute to climate change mitigation, decreased environmental pollution, and enhanced energy security.
  • 634
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Knowledge within Building Energy Efficiency Field
The building sector is responsible for 50% of worldwide energy consumption and 40% of  CO2 emissions. Consequently, a lot of research on Building Energy Efficiency has been carried out over recent years, covering the most varied topics. While many of these themes are no longer of interest to the scientific community, others flourish. However, there is a paucity of research on trend analysis in this field. Thus, it is important to read the trends within this field of knowledge is wise, since it allows resources to be directed towards the most promising topics. 
  • 631
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Energy Recovery in Road Vehicles
The main reasons for reducing energy losses in motor vehicles is to reduce the fuel consumption of motor vehicles and thus reduce emissions, reducing the consumption of consumables and increasing the efficiency and reliability of vehicles. Part of the recovered lost energy can be used to cover the demand of other vehicle electronic systems. Automotive energy harvesting systems are usually employed to increase overall vehicle efficiency. The main directions of recovery of energy lost in vehicles are heat energy losses, the energy obtained from the vehicle braking process and the energy derived from damping vibrations in the vehicle suspension system. 
  • 628
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
SRI Gaps and Future Perspectives
In 2018, the European Commission adopted the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) concept in the recast of the directive on the energy efficiency of buildings. The set of SRIs is a measure of the intelligence of buildings systems, and its promotion is expected to contribute to the energy savings of the building sector. T
  • 626
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Flame Synthesis of Carbon and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles
Carbon and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NP) are synthesized worldwide for various applications in the solar-energy, optical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries, among many others. Gas phase methods comprise flame synthesis and flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), which provide high efficiency, low cost, and the possibility of large-scale applications. The variation of combustion operation parameters exerts significant effects on the properties of the NPs. An analysis of the latest research results relevant to NP flame synthesis can provide new insight into the optimization of these methods and the development of these techniques for a large scale. 
  • 625
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency Management in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Energy efficiency is a key factor to meet the ambitious climate targets of the European Union (EU) aligned with the international policy directives. On their own, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) do not consume big amounts of energy, but taking into consideration that they represent about 99% of businesses worldwide, their cumulative energy consumption is remarkable. Even though SMEs experience several barriers in their effort to improve their energy efficiency, their contribution to the EU’s energy efficiency improvement targets is crucial through the implementation of measures to improve their energy footprint. 
  • 621
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Halide Materials for Photovoltaics
Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) photovoltaics have emerged as a promising new technology for the next generation of photovoltaics since their first development 10 years ago, and show a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 29.3%. The power-conversion efficiency of these perovskite photovoltaics depends on the base materials used in their development, and methylammonium lead iodide is generally used as the main component. Perovskite materials have been further explored to increase their efficiency, as they are cheaper and easier to fabricate than silicon photovoltaics, which will lead to better commercialization. Even with these advantages, perovskite photovoltaics have a few drawbacks, such as their stability when in contact with heat and humidity, which pales in comparison to the 25-year stability of silicon, even with improvements are made when exploring new materials. To expand the benefits and address the drawbacks of perovskite photovoltaics, perovskite–silicon tandem photovoltaics have been suggested as a solution in the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. This tandem photovoltaic results in an increased PCE value by presenting a better total absorption wavelength for both perovskite and silicon photovoltaics.
  • 619
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Enhanced Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used in portable electric devices and electric vehicles (EVs) for years due to their high energy and power densities, satisfactory cycle life and the affordable materials and manufacturing costs. To meet the growing market demand for cheaper and more efficient energy storage technologies for EVs and power grids, higher energy storage density and efficiency, and a longer cycle life should be achieved in the next generation of LIBs. Silicon (Si) is considered as one of the most promising candidates for next generation negative electrode (negatrode) materials in LIBs due to its much higher theoretical specific charge capacity than the current commercial negatrode (carbon-based).
  • 619
  • 25 Apr 2022
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