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The building sector is responsible for 50% of worldwide energy consumption and 40% of CO2 emissions. Consequently, a lot of research on Building Energy Efficiency has been carried out over recent years, covering the most varied topics. While many of these themes are no longer of interest to the scientific community, others flourish. However, there is a paucity of research on trend analysis in this field. Thus, it is important to read the trends within this field of knowledge is wise, since it allows resources to be directed towards the most promising topics.
Themes | N | % | Interdisciplinarity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
BEM | Building energy modelling | 505 | 25.3 | 30 |
DAT | Data analysis techniques | 337 | 16.9 | 27 |
BIM | Building information modelling | 244 | 12.2 | 22 |
HVAC | Heating-ventilation-air-conditioning | 159 | 8.0 | 30 |
ENV | Environmental | 157 | 7.9 | 27 |
GRB | Green building | 144 | 7.2 | 27 |
TOB | Types of buildings | 130 | 6.5 | 27 |
ZEB | Zero energy building | 128 | 6.4 | 28 |
SMB | Smart buildings | 121 | 6.1 | 26 |
THC | Thermal comfort | 121 | 6.1 | 28 |
REG | Regulations | 117 | 5.9 | 26 |
SUS | Sustainability | 114 | 5.7 | 23 |
BRF | Building retrofitting | 105 | 5.3 | 26 |
OCB | Occupant behaviour | 103 | 5.2 | 26 |
BAC | Building automation and control | 99 | 5.0 | 26 |
LCA | Life cycle assessment | 89 | 4.5 | 24 |
SEM | Energy management systems | 87 | 4.4 | 25 |
BIP | Building integrated photovoltaics | 83 | 4.2 | 23 |
SMG | Smart grids | 81 | 4.1 | 23 |
EPS | Energy performance software | 75 | 3.8 | 23 |
BEV | Building envelope | 52 | 2.6 | 25 |
WIN | Windows | 52 | 2.6 | 17 |
LIG | Lighting | 52 | 2.6 | 24 |
DMK | Decision making | 49 | 2.5 | 27 |
RNE | Renewable energy sources | 48 | 2.4 | 26 |
BMS | Building management systems | 36 | 1.8 | 22 |
THS | Thermal storage | 25 | 1.3 | 14 |
EST | Energy storage | 24 | 1.2 | 17 |
HPS | Heat pumping systems | 17 | 0.9 | 12 |
WTH | Water heating | 12 | 0.6 | 10 |
Table 1 provides a static view of the BEE field of knowledge. It shows the most relevant themes within the field but it does not show the evolution and trend of each theme. Thus, Table 2 presents the trend of each theme, allowing investigation as to whether a given theme has a perennial presence or is just incidental in the literature. A theme can be analysed as to when it emerged, if it is still active or vanished, and when its apogee was.
Theme | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Annual Participation | Trend (α = 5%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BEV | 0% | 9% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 6% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 2% | 3% | ![]() |
↔ |
SMB | 8% | 0% | 14% | 0% | 6% | 5% | 8% | 7% | 8% | 7% | 9% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 8% | ![]() |
↔ |
TOB | 8% | 0% | 14% | 6% | 6% | 5% | 0% | 7% | 10% | 4% | 9% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 7% | 5% | 9% | 7% | 4% | ![]() |
↔ |
BMS | 8% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 2% | ![]() |
↔ |
BAC | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 1% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 7% | 6% | 4% | 7% | ![]() |
↑ |
EMS | 0% | 0% | 10% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 4% | 5% | 7% | 6% | 5% | ![]() |
↑ |
GRB | 8% | 0% | 0% | 19% | 0% | 15% | 2% | 15% | 14% | 6% | 7% | 10% | 6% | 7% | 7% | 10% | 6% | 5% | 5% | ![]() |
↔ |
HVAC | 0% | 0% | 14% | 19% | 6% | 5% | 12% | 15% | 18% | 12% | 4% | 11% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 8% | 7% | 7% | ![]() |
↔ |
WIN | 0% | 0% | 5% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 4% | 2% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 4% | 1% | 3% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 2% | ![]() |
↔ |
RNE | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 1% | 5% | ![]() |
↔ |
DMK | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 4% | 0% | 5% | 1% | 4% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 2% | 3% | 1% | 3% | ![]() |
↔ |
DAT | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 12% | 25% | 6% | 10% | 8% | 11% | 19% | 14% | 19% | 17% | 19% | 19% | 20% | 18% | 20% | ![]() |
↑ |
SUS | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 15% | 10% | 12% | 4% | 6% | 13% | 5% | 8% | 9% | 2% | 4% | 6% | 6% | 2% | ![]() |
↓ |
LCA | 0% | 0% | 5% | 6% | 0% | 10% | 8% | 7% | 4% | 1% | 4% | 7% | 3% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 5% | 7% | 5% | ![]() |
↔ |
EST | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 2% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 3% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 1% | 2% | ![]() |
↔ |
LIG | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 8% | 5% | 4% | 1% | 1% | 3% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 1% | ![]() |
↓ |
THC | 8% | 0% | 0% | 13% | 0% | 5% | 4% | 17% | 12% | 10% | 3% | 2% | 7% | 5% | 5% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 6% | ![]() |
↔ |
BIP | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 6% | 0% | 4% | 7% | 6% | 7% | 1% | 5% | 2% | 5% | 3% | 5% | 4% | 3% | 7% | ![]() |
↔ |
WTH | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | ![]() |
↔ |
REG | 8% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 12% | 10% | 2% | 10% | 6% | 13% | 9% | 8% | 9% | 7% | 5% | 4% | 5% | 3% | 4% | ![]() |
↔ |
ENV | 8% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 6% | 10% | 8% | 5% | 12% | 12% | 10% | 8% | 5% | 9% | 7% | 9% | 8% | 8% | 5% | ![]() |
↔ |
EPS | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 8% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 5% | 4% | 4% | 8% | ![]() |
↔ |
HPS | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 2% | 0% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | ![]() |
↔ |
THS | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1% | 3% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | ![]() |
↔ |
BEM | 8% | 0% | 24% | 6% | 0% | 20% | 17% | 22% | 25% | 23% | 14% | 27% | 28% | 22% | 28% | 25% | 30% | 27% | 29% | ![]() |
↑ |
SMG | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 5% | 0% | 2% | 5% | 3% | 6% | 3% | 7% | 3% | 6% | ![]() |
↔ |
BIM | 8% | 0% | 10% | 6% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 5% | 8% | 8% | 13% | 8% | 10% | 13% | 15% | 15% | 12% | 18% | 12% | ![]() |
↑ |
OCB | 8% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6% | 5% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 7% | 5% | 4% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 11% | 5% | ![]() |
↑ |
BRF | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 6% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 6% | 9% | 7% | ![]() |
↑ |
ZEB | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 5% | 0% | 0% | 2% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 9% | 6% | 9% | 13% | ![]() |
↑ |
Table 2 presents the annual participation of each theme in the literature, summarising their trend in the last column.