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Topic Review
The Pain at Work Toolkit
Self-management tools for people with chronic or persistent pain tend to focus on symptom reporting, treatment programmes or exercise and do not address barriers to work, facilitators of work ability, or workplace pain self-management strategies. Researchers developed the Pain at Work (PAW) toolkit, an evidence-based digital toolkit to provide advice on how employees can self-manage their pain at work. In a collaborative-participatory design, 4-step Agile methodology (N = 452) was used to co-create the toolkit with healthcare professionals, employers and people with chronic or persistent pain. Step 1: stakeholder consultation event (n = 27) established content and format; Step 2: online survey with employees who have persistent pain (n = 274) showed employees fear disclosing their condition, and commonly report discrimination and lack of line manager support. Step 3: online employer survey (n = 107) showed employers rarely provide self-management materials or education around managing pain at work, occupational health recommendations for reasonable adjustments are not always actioned, and pain-related stigma is common. Step 4: Toolkit development integrated findings and recommendations from Steps 1–3, and iterative expert peer review was conducted (n = 40). The PAW toolkit provides (a) evidence-based guidelines and signposting around work-capacity advice and support; (b) self-management strategies around working with chronic or persistent pain, (c) promotion of healthy lifestyles, and quality of life at work; (d) advice on adjustments to working environments and workplace solutions to facilitate work participation.
  • 957
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Classroom Active Desks
Classroom active desks refer to the desks placed in the classroom and can be moved in teaching activities. This entry was to examine the effects of active desks in the school setting on sedentary behavior, physical activity, academic achievements and overall health among children and adolescents aged 5–17 years. 
  • 955
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vaginal Infections and Treatment
Vaginal infections are a global public health issue affecting worldwide up to 70% of women of reproductive age. The symptoms or clinical manifestations are itching, irritation, abnormal vaginal discharge, and discomfort when urinating and during sexual activity.
  • 955
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Music Therapy for Dementia's Caregivers
Dementia is a general term for a series of medical conditions that affect the brain and evolve progressively. According to the literature, there are over 200 subtypes and causes of dementia, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) being the most common in elderly people. AD is an irreversible progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to a decline in mental function, enough to disrupt daily life. Thinking skills slowly deteriorate, which, in advanced stages, makes it impossible to perform simple tasks. Besides the change in the quality of life of AD patients and their families, there is a considerable alteration in the quality of life of their caregivers, whose health can be negatively affected by the development of mental and somatic disorders. 
  • 951
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Histoplasmosis in Children
Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungi and occurring globally. It is endemic in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys of the United States of America, India and Southeast Asia. The clinical presentation of histoplasmosis mimics features seen in tuberculosis (TB) and may be misdiagnosed as such. 
  • 951
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Care during COVID-19 Pandemic
Pharmaceutical care represents a concept introduced after 1990. According to this, the pharmacists’ activity focuses on patients and aims to provide adequate therapies that lead to safe therapeutic results, as well as to improve the quality of life. Thus, the traditional activity of preparation and development of drugs has been gradually replaced by pharmaceutical services that mostly focus on the patients’ needs and the particularities of their pathologies.
  • 951
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sporting Activities Management of the Sickle Cell Trait
The number of individuals with the sickle cell trait exceeds 300 million worldwide, making sickle cell disease one of the most common monogenetic diseases globally. Because of the high frequency of sickle cell disease, reproductive counseling is of crucial importance. In addition, unlike other carrier states, Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) seems to be a risk factor for several clinical complications, such as extreme exertional injury, chronic kidney disease, and complications during pregnancy and surgery.
  • 951
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biopolymeric Materials as Nonviral Vectors
Bacterial transformation and gene transfection can be understood as being the results of introducing specific genetic material into cells, resulting in gene expression, and adding a new genetic trait to the host cell. Many studies have been carried out to investigate different types of lipids and cationic polymers as promising nonviral vectors for DNA transfer. The present study focused on the use of biopolymeric materials as nonviral vectors. The methodology was carried out based on searches of scientific articles and applications for patents published or deposited from 2006 to 2020 in different databases for patents (EPO, USPTO, and INPI) and articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo). The results showed that there are some deposits of patents regarding the use of chitosan as a gene carrier. The 16 analyzed articles allowed us to infer that the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is limited due to the low diversity of biopolymers used for these purposes. It was also observed that the use of different materials as nonviral vectors is based on chemical structure modifications of the material, mainly by the addition of cationic groups. Thus, the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is still limited to only a few polysaccharide types, emphasizing the need for further studies involving the use of different biopolymers in processes of gene transfer.
  • 948
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
The incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population accounts for approximately 20% of all the strokes, with 5% due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The morbidity and mortality remains high for this patient population. For aneurysmal SAH, 30% of patients die and 50% of survivors have long-term cognitive deficits that preclude their return to work. The two most important determinants of outcome after SAH are initial hemorrhage severity and secondary brain injury due to early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). EBI occurs in 12% of patients, develops 1–3 days after SAH and is characterized by blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and cerebral edema. DCI occurs in ~30% of patients, develops 4–12 days after SAH and is characterized by large artery vasospasm, distal autoregulatory dysfunction, microvessel thrombosis and cortical spreading depression. Though many strategies to prevent EBI and DCI have been explored over the years, none have proven efficacious. New therapies are desperately needed to treat these conditions.
  • 948
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Cardiodiabesity
A growing body of scientific evidence shows that the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has a beneficial effect on obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These four diseases are so inherently linked that a new umbrella term, cardiodiabesity, has been adopted to reflect their coexistence and interrelationship .
  • 948
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Medical Devices
Children represent the future, and ensuring their physical, socio-emotional, language, and cognitive development is integral to health technology development. The development of a child from term or preterm neonate to a fully mature individual relies on complex physiological, anatomical, developmental, and social changes. Understanding the inter- and intra-population differences within the pediatric subpopulations is necessary to address the existing challenges and break down some of the long-recognized barriers. There is thus a clear need for research infrastructure and networks with the depth of expertise to support pediatric device development through collaboration across the life sciences sector. 
  • 948
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an accepted therapy for the treatment of refractory forms of epilepsy and depression. The brain–gut axis is increasingly being studied as a possible etiological factor of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 
  • 947
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neurobehavioral Phenotype and Dysexecutive Syndrome of Preterm Children
The neurodevelopmental outcome of the premature infant is characterized by a set of minor-to-moderate dysfunctions in the developmental fields (language, praxis, executive, behavioral and attention disorders, social interaction disorders, etc.). These dysfunctions tend to cumulate, even to potentiate, which impacts school learning and the daily life of these children and their parents. Executive functions, such as high-level cognitive operations, play a preponderant role in learning and social adaptation via the regulation of children’s behavior and emotions. Thus, the notion of executive dysfunctions as an underlying mechanism of neurodevelopmental difficulties in VP children is now well documented. Executive deficit is central to the neurodevelopmental phenotype of preterm infants and their learning difficulties, both from a cognitive and a behavioral or social point of view.
  • 946
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC),as the most common  oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is associated with numerous risk factors. Among which oral microbiota is recognized by more and more scholars. In the oral cavity, bacteria can aggregate into colonies to form functional biofilms, and the synergistic interaction of polymicroorganisms can maintain homeostasis with the host. However, Changes in specific individual bacterial components may cause colony effects that disrupt homeostasis, which would contribute to the initiation and progression of TSCC. For instance,the change of  relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and related bacteria can cause the occurrence of tongue cancer by mediating chronic inflammatory states, suppressing immune responses, synthesizing carcinogens, attenuating synthesis of anticancer agents and promoting cancer cell invasion. Therefore, the management of the  special microbiome associated with tumour microenvironments may be a promising treatment strategies for tumors in the future.
  • 946
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Target for β-Thalassemia Patients
Iron homeostasis is regulated by hepcidin, a hepatic hormone that controls dietary iron absorption and plasma iron concentration. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN), which regulates its expression. The major factors that implicate hepcidin regulation include iron stores, hypoxia, inflammation, and erythropoiesis. When erythropoietic activity is suppressed, hepcidin expression is hampered, leading to deficiency, thus causing an iron overload in iron-loading anemia, such as β-thalassemia. Iron overload is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in β-thalassemia patients with or without blood transfusion dependence. In the case of thalassemia major, the primary cause of iron overload is blood transfusion. In contrast, iron overload is attributed to hepcidin deficiency and hyperabsorption of dietary iron in non-transfusion thalassemia. Beta-thalassemia patients showed marked hepcidin suppression, anemia, iron overload, and ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). Recent molecular research has prompted the discovery of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for several diseases, including β-thalassemia.
  • 945
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease in Daily Life
The ageing of the population is resulting in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which are an increasing social, economic and medical problem. Diet and physical activity are now considered as important modifiable factors that help prevent or delay the development of AD and other dementia-related diseases. The pyramid of healthy nutrition and lifestyle is a way of presenting the principles, the implementation of which gives a chance for proper development and a long healthy life.
  • 945
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Postpartum Relapse in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Pregnancy and postpartum are vital times of greater vulnerability to suffer a decompensation of bipolar disorder (BD).
  • 945
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs for Predicting Cancer Patients’ Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that is caused by a highly contagious and severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This infection started to spread across the world in 2019 and rapidly turned into a global pandemic, causing an urgent necessity for treatment strategies development. The mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 can trigger an immune response, providing genetic information that allows the production of spike glycoproteins. MiRNAs play a crucial role in diverse key cellular processes, including antiviral defense. Several miRNAs are described as key factors in SARS-CoV-2 human infection through the regulation of ACE2 levels and by the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication and spike expression. Consequently, these molecules have been considered as highly promising biomarkers. In numerous human malignancies, it has been recognized that miRNAs expression is dysregulated. Since miRNAs can target SARS-CoV-2-associated mRNAs, in cancer patients, the deregulation of these molecules can impair the immune response to the vaccines. 
  • 944
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Interventions for Early-Stage Pericoronitis
Evidence of low methodological quality and high clinical diversity showed that there are still uncertainties to estimate the effect of the different interventions for pericoronitis. It is important to note that pericoronitis is an inflammation of the tissues around the crown. Until now, initial pericoronitis should be resolved with local irrigation and gently debridement. Antibiotics should be specially reserved for severe cases when systemic dissemination are present. 
  • 943
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Dysfunction of the NRP-1/VEGF-A Complex
Long coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered syndrome characterized by multiple organ manifestations that persist for weeks to months, following the recovery from acute disease. Occasionally, neurological and cardiovascular side effects mimicking long COVID-19 have been reported in recipients of COVID-19 vaccines. Hypothetically, the clinical similarity could be due to a shared pathogenic role of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein produced by the virus or used for immunization. The S protein can bind to neuropilin (NRP)-1, which normally functions as a coreceptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. By antagonizing the docking of VEGF-A to NRP-1, the S protein could disrupt physiological pathways involved in angiogenesis and nociception. One consequence could be the increase in unbound forms of VEGF-A that could bind to other receptors. SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals may exhibit increased plasma levels of VEGF-A during both acute illness and convalescence, which could be responsible for diffuse microvascular and neurological damage.
  • 943
  • 20 Jan 2023
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