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Topic Review
Biopolymeric Materials as Nonviral Vectors
Bacterial transformation and gene transfection can be understood as being the results of introducing specific genetic material into cells, resulting in gene expression, and adding a new genetic trait to the host cell. Many studies have been carried out to investigate different types of lipids and cationic polymers as promising nonviral vectors for DNA transfer. The present study focused on the use of biopolymeric materials as nonviral vectors. The methodology was carried out based on searches of scientific articles and applications for patents published or deposited from 2006 to 2020 in different databases for patents (EPO, USPTO, and INPI) and articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo). The results showed that there are some deposits of patents regarding the use of chitosan as a gene carrier. The 16 analyzed articles allowed us to infer that the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is limited due to the low diversity of biopolymers used for these purposes. It was also observed that the use of different materials as nonviral vectors is based on chemical structure modifications of the material, mainly by the addition of cationic groups. Thus, the use of biopolymers as nonviral vectors is still limited to only a few polysaccharide types, emphasizing the need for further studies involving the use of different biopolymers in processes of gene transfer.
  • 944
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Colistin-Resistant Bacteria
Colistin (polymyxin E) has been used as a growth promoter in food-production animals, but it is also used in pets for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections.
  • 944
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an accepted therapy for the treatment of refractory forms of epilepsy and depression. The brain–gut axis is increasingly being studied as a possible etiological factor of chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). 
  • 943
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Oral Microbiome Dysbiosis in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC),as the most common  oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is associated with numerous risk factors. Among which oral microbiota is recognized by more and more scholars. In the oral cavity, bacteria can aggregate into colonies to form functional biofilms, and the synergistic interaction of polymicroorganisms can maintain homeostasis with the host. However, Changes in specific individual bacterial components may cause colony effects that disrupt homeostasis, which would contribute to the initiation and progression of TSCC. For instance,the change of  relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and related bacteria can cause the occurrence of tongue cancer by mediating chronic inflammatory states, suppressing immune responses, synthesizing carcinogens, attenuating synthesis of anticancer agents and promoting cancer cell invasion. Therefore, the management of the  special microbiome associated with tumour microenvironments may be a promising treatment strategies for tumors in the future.
  • 942
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fluorescence-Based Portable Device in Healthcare Applications
The current global healthcare crisis underpins the importance of point-of-care technologies to provide a cost-effective solution to address the unmet healthcare needs. With a focus on providing rapid detection, POC devices are pivotal in containing disease, particularly those that are highly infectious. Additionally, the availability of POC devices will save time, cost, and travel for patients, particularly those who require frequent testing. This will also increase access to medical care for the underserved population. Overall, POC devices promise to alleviate the tradeoff between high cost and poor accessibility of testing, which makes them a robust solution.
  • 942
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and Cardiodiabesity
A growing body of scientific evidence shows that the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) has a beneficial effect on obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These four diseases are so inherently linked that a new umbrella term, cardiodiabesity, has been adopted to reflect their coexistence and interrelationship .
  • 940
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Medical Devices
Children represent the future, and ensuring their physical, socio-emotional, language, and cognitive development is integral to health technology development. The development of a child from term or preterm neonate to a fully mature individual relies on complex physiological, anatomical, developmental, and social changes. Understanding the inter- and intra-population differences within the pediatric subpopulations is necessary to address the existing challenges and break down some of the long-recognized barriers. There is thus a clear need for research infrastructure and networks with the depth of expertise to support pediatric device development through collaboration across the life sciences sector. 
  • 940
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Postpartum Relapse in Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Pregnancy and postpartum are vital times of greater vulnerability to suffer a decompensation of bipolar disorder (BD).
  • 940
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
The incidence of hemorrhagic stroke in the general population accounts for approximately 20% of all the strokes, with 5% due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The morbidity and mortality remains high for this patient population. For aneurysmal SAH, 30% of patients die and 50% of survivors have long-term cognitive deficits that preclude their return to work. The two most important determinants of outcome after SAH are initial hemorrhage severity and secondary brain injury due to early brain injury (EBI) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). EBI occurs in 12% of patients, develops 1–3 days after SAH and is characterized by blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and cerebral edema. DCI occurs in ~30% of patients, develops 4–12 days after SAH and is characterized by large artery vasospasm, distal autoregulatory dysfunction, microvessel thrombosis and cortical spreading depression. Though many strategies to prevent EBI and DCI have been explored over the years, none have proven efficacious. New therapies are desperately needed to treat these conditions.
  • 939
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Interventions for Early-Stage Pericoronitis
Evidence of low methodological quality and high clinical diversity showed that there are still uncertainties to estimate the effect of the different interventions for pericoronitis. It is important to note that pericoronitis is an inflammation of the tissues around the crown. Until now, initial pericoronitis should be resolved with local irrigation and gently debridement. Antibiotics should be specially reserved for severe cases when systemic dissemination are present. 
  • 937
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Activity after Total Hip Arthroplasty
A large proportion of patients under 40 years of age who underwent Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) increased their physical activity. Eighty-six percent of the patients were highly active, with a UCLA score ≥ 7. Furthermore, the reported MCID, SCB, and PASS for mHHS were achieved by more than 80% of patients
  • 936
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients
The oral cavity represents a target of SARS-CoV-2, and oral lesions are observed in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. Oral ulcers, cheilitis, and tongue lesions were more common in patients before hospitalization, while perioral pressure ulcers, macroglossia, blisters, and oral candidiasis were more recurrent in patients during hospitalization.  An accurate oral examination during the hospital admission of all confirmed COVID-19 cases is encouraged to recognize oral early manifestations and to apply appropriate treatments.
  • 936
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation: Pathogenesis, Predisposing factors and Genetics
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia managed in clinical practice, and it is linked to an increased risk of death, stroke, and peripheral embolism. The Global Burden of Disease shows that the estimated prevalence of AF is up to 33.5 million patients. So far, successful therapeutic techniques have been implemented, with high healthcare cost burdening. As a result, identifying modifiable risk factors for AF and suitable preventive measures may play a significant role in enhancing community health and lowering health-care system expenditures. Several mechanisms, including electrical and structural remodeling of atrial tissue, have been proposed to contribute to the development of AF. This entry discusses the predisposing factors in AF including the different pathogenic mechanisms, sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits as well as the potential genetic burdening. 
  • 935
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Dysfunction of the NRP-1/VEGF-A Complex
Long coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered syndrome characterized by multiple organ manifestations that persist for weeks to months, following the recovery from acute disease. Occasionally, neurological and cardiovascular side effects mimicking long COVID-19 have been reported in recipients of COVID-19 vaccines. Hypothetically, the clinical similarity could be due to a shared pathogenic role of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein produced by the virus or used for immunization. The S protein can bind to neuropilin (NRP)-1, which normally functions as a coreceptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. By antagonizing the docking of VEGF-A to NRP-1, the S protein could disrupt physiological pathways involved in angiogenesis and nociception. One consequence could be the increase in unbound forms of VEGF-A that could bind to other receptors. SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals may exhibit increased plasma levels of VEGF-A during both acute illness and convalescence, which could be responsible for diffuse microvascular and neurological damage.
  • 935
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Frequent Psychiatric and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined a post-COVID-19 condition. Some of these symptoms can be categorized as psychiatric and neuropsychiatric  post COVID-19 symptoms if they appeared in the aftermath of COVID-19, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, somatic symptoms disorders such as hyperventilation syndrome, fatigue, cognitive and sleep disorders. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric post-COVID-19 present mental health specialists with difficult challenges because of its complexity and the multiple ways in which it integrates into a singular somatic context. 
  • 933
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microneedle-Based Glucose Sensor Platform
Significant advanced have been made in exploiting microneedle-based (MN-based) diabetes devices for minimally invasive wearable biosensors and for continuous glucose monitoring. Within this emerging class of skin-worn MN-based sensors, the ISF can be utilized as a rich biomarker source to diagnose diabetes. While initial work of MN devices focused on ISF extraction, the research trend has been oriented toward developing in vivo glucose sensors coupled with optical or electrochemical (EC) instrumentation.
  • 933
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Relationships between Depression and Social Media Addiction
Depression is positively correlated with fear of missing out, online fear of missing out, and social media addiction, while being significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem; that depression, self-esteem, fear of missing out, and online fear of missing out explain social media addiction scores; that self-esteem mediates the relationship between depression and social media addiction; and that, among Italians between the ages of 18 and 35, younger women report higher scores on fear of missing out, online fear of missing out, and social media addiction.
  • 933
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sporting Activities Management of the Sickle Cell Trait
The number of individuals with the sickle cell trait exceeds 300 million worldwide, making sickle cell disease one of the most common monogenetic diseases globally. Because of the high frequency of sickle cell disease, reproductive counseling is of crucial importance. In addition, unlike other carrier states, Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) seems to be a risk factor for several clinical complications, such as extreme exertional injury, chronic kidney disease, and complications during pregnancy and surgery.
  • 932
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Factors Associated with Patient's Decision to Avoid Healthcare
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes in healthcare use. This study aimed to identify factors associated with a patient’s decision to avoid and/or delay healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. A data from a community-based survey in Portugal from July 2020 to August 2021, “COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion”, which included data regarding health services use, risk perception and confidence in health services, was used. The analysis was framed under Andersen’s Behavioural Model of Health Services Use and utilised Poisson regression to identify healthcare avoidance associated factors. Healthcare avoidance was high (44%). Higher prevalence of healthcare avoidance was found among women; participants who reported lower confidence in the healthcare system response to COVID-19 and non-COVID-19; lost income during the pandemic; experienced negative emotions due to physical distancing measures; answered the questionnaire before middle June 2021; and perceived having worse health, the measures implemented by the Government as inadequate, the information conveyed as unclear and confusing, a higher risk of getting COVID-19, a higher risk of complications and a higher risk of getting infected in a health institution. It is crucial to reassure the population that health services are safe. Health services should plan their recovery since delays in healthcare delivery can lead to increased or worsening morbidity, yielding economic and societal costs.
  • 930
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Target for β-Thalassemia Patients
Iron homeostasis is regulated by hepcidin, a hepatic hormone that controls dietary iron absorption and plasma iron concentration. Hepcidin binds to the only known iron export protein, ferroportin (FPN), which regulates its expression. The major factors that implicate hepcidin regulation include iron stores, hypoxia, inflammation, and erythropoiesis. When erythropoietic activity is suppressed, hepcidin expression is hampered, leading to deficiency, thus causing an iron overload in iron-loading anemia, such as β-thalassemia. Iron overload is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity in β-thalassemia patients with or without blood transfusion dependence. In the case of thalassemia major, the primary cause of iron overload is blood transfusion. In contrast, iron overload is attributed to hepcidin deficiency and hyperabsorption of dietary iron in non-transfusion thalassemia. Beta-thalassemia patients showed marked hepcidin suppression, anemia, iron overload, and ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). Recent molecular research has prompted the discovery of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for several diseases, including β-thalassemia.
  • 930
  • 28 Jan 2022
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