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Topic Review
Nanoengineering to Modulate Macrophage Polarization
Modulation of macrophage plasticity is emerging as a successful strategy in tissue engineering (TE) to control the immune response elicited by the implanted material. Indeed, one major determinant of success in regenerating tissues and organs is to achieve the correct balance between immune pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution players. In recent years, nanoparticle-mediated macrophage polarization towards the pro- or anti-inflammatory subtypes is gaining increasing interest in the biomedical field. In TE, despite significant progress in the use of nanomaterials, the full potential of nanoparticles as effective immunomodulators has not yet been completely realized. This work discusses the contribution that bioactive inorganic nanoparticles may give to TE applications, helping native or synthetic scaffolds to direct macrophage polarization for skeletal muscle regeneration. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Antioxidant Effect of Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles
Inorganic nanoparticles, such as CeO3, TiO2 and Fe3O4 could be served as a platform for their excellent performance in antioxidant effect. They may offer the feasibility to be further developed for their smaller and controllable sizes, flexibility to be modified, relative low toxicity as well as ease of preparation.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Chemically Modified Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been exploited as bio-inspired drug delivery systems (DDS) in the biomedical field. EVs have more advantages than synthetic nanoparticles: they are naturally equipped to cross extra- and intra-cellular barriers. Furthermore, they can deliver functional biomolecules from one cell to another even far away in the body. These advantages, along with obtained promising in vivo results, clearly evidenced the potential of EVs in drug delivery.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Advances in Curcumin Formulations
Traditional clinical procedures for treating or removing tumors, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical dissection, are widely used. Although chemotherapy remains a very efficient strategy in the battle against cancer, it is typically associated with substantial drawbacks and side effects. Therefore, there remains the possibility that tumors that have been surgically removed may return and may also be resistant to radiation treatment. Marine and terrestrial natural products are far more favorable for improving treatment outcomes in disorders with complicated pathological behavior. Due to their biochemical structures, natural compounds can affect numerous cellular targets, such as genes and proteins. Herbal preparations and their related natural products offer a pivotal role in cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention. As they are safe and able to minimize the side effects on healthy cells, selected medicinal plants have been developed to address a variety of malignancies. Curcumin is a polyphenol derivative found in the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), and provides chemopreventive, antitumor, chemo-, and radio-sensitizing properties. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Radiation-engineered nano-scale bio-hybrid polymer devices
Bio-hybrid hydrogels consist of a water-swollen hydrophilic polymer network encapsulating or conjugating single biomolecules, or larger and more complex biological constructs like whole cells. By modulating at least one dimension of the hydrogel system at the micro- or nanoscale, the activity of the biological component can be extremely upgraded with clear advantages for the development of therapeutic or diagnostic micro- and nano-devices. Gamma or e-beam irradiation of polymers allow a good control of the chemistry at the micro-/nanoscale with minimal recourse to toxic reactants and solvents. Another potential advantage is to obtain simultaneous sterilization when the absorbed doses are within the sterilization dose range.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries and Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been considered an easily accessible battery technology because of their low weight, cheapness, etc. Unfortunately, they have significant drawbacks, such as flammability and scarcity of lithium. Since the components of zinc-ion batteries are nonflammable, nontoxic, and cheap, aqueous zinc-Ion batteries (AZIBs) could be a suitable replacement for LIBs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Albumin Nanostructures in Cancer
Albumin is a versatile protein being used widely for developing carriers for drugs and nucleic acids. It provides biocompatibility, tumor specificity, the possibility for surface modification, and reduces toxicity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Functional Materials Based on Nanocellulose for Pharmaceutical/Medical Applications
Nanocelluloses (NCs), with their remarkable characteristics, have proven to be one of the most promising “green” materials of our times and have received special attention from researchers in nanomaterials. A diversity of new functional materials with a wide range of biomedical applications has been designed based on the most desirable properties of NCs, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their special physicochemical properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Triazine-Based Liquid Crystal Dendrimers
Most triazine-based liquid crystalline (LC) dendrimers reported thus far are the main-chain LC macromolecules with long flexible chains at their periphery and attached to internal rigid or semi-rigid frameworks. Their formation of mesogenic phases often depends on the intermolecular face-to-face π–π interactions between dendritic molecules, which are unusual. Their mesogenic phases can also be formed by incorporation of mesogenic units to the dendritic skeletons through long flexible chains, as most side-chain LC dendrimers, in which the peripheral mesogenic units generally play the important roles. For main-chain triazine-based dendrimers, their morphology is maintained by restricted freedom of rigid or semi-rigid connecting units, and their formations of LC phases are therefore not straightforward to be controlled.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles Used in X-Ray Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been known as an effective method for treating surface cancer tissues. Deeper penetration of X-rays into tissues has been implemented, which is now known as X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT). The two methods differ in the photon energy used, thus requiring the use of different types of scintillating nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are known to convert the incident energy into the activation energy of a photosensitizer, which leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electrospun Scaffolds for Vascular Regeneration
Vascular regeneration remains a challenging issue in tissue engineering. Poor vascularization often limits the size of regenerated tissue and leads to cell death. Improving vascularization could largely increase the regeneration efficacy and the survival of regenerated tissue. Nanofibrous scaffolds are widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to well-known advantages, which can mimic the mechanical and structural properties of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). This review presents the recent strategies to improve nanofibrous scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering. Different nanofibrous scaffolds design, including nanofiber structuring and surface functionalization, to improve scaffolds properties are explained. The review also focuses on recent advances in electrospun fibrous scaffolds for vascular regeneration such as changing architecture and controlling the release of bioactive components. In vivo tests of these nanofibrous scaffolds have been considered as the further step to validate the angiogenic potential of the scaffolds.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Inherently Antimicrobial Nano-Systems
Inherently antimicrobial properties have been established for a number of materials, including silver, copper, and certain polymers, such as chitosan. Nanomaterials made of these inherently antimicrobial materials have attracted attention for combatting AMR because bacterial resistance to these materials is rare. However, many inherently antimicrobial nanomaterials can be cytotoxic, so they are often combined with other materials in hybrid nano-systems to increase their biocompatibility. These inherently antimicrobial nano-systems have many practical applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Graphene: From Fabrication to Applications
In the new era of modern flexible and bendable technology, graphene-based materials have attracted tremendous attention. The excellent electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene as well as the ease of functionalization of its derivates enable graphene to become an attractive candidate in the construction of flexible devices.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Boron Vehiculating Nanosystems in Cancer Treatment
Boron neutron capture therapy is a low-invasive cancer therapy based on the neutron fission process that occurs upon thermal neutron irradiation of 10B-containing compounds; this process causes the release of alpha particles that selectively damage cancer cells. Although several clinical studies involving mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate and the boronophenylalanine–fructose complex are currently ongoing, the success of this promising anticancer therapy is hampered by the lack of appropriate drug delivery systems to selectively carry therapeutic concentrations of boron atoms to cancer tissues, allowing prolonged boron retention therein and avoiding the damage of healthy tissues. To achieve these goals, numerous research groups have explored the possibility to formulate nanoparticulate systems for boron delivery. Here the researchers report the newest developments on boron vehiculating drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles, distinguished on the basis of the type of carrier used, with a specific focus on the formulation aspects.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Synthesis of Perovskite Nanowires
Metal halide perovskites are promising energy materials because of their high absorption coefficients, long carrier lifetimes, strong photoluminescence, and low cost. Low-dimensional halide perovskites, especially one-dimensional (1D) halide perovskite nanowires (NWs), have become a hot research topic in optoelectronics owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Diamond-like Carbon Coatings with Ionic Liquid Lubricants
Owing to the solid lubrication characteristic of Diamond-like carbon coatings (DLCs), which reduces wear and friction and protects contacting surfaces from degredation, DLCs are often used in industrial machinery and harsh environments. DLC coatings are optimized by adjusting operating and deposition parameters as well as doping them with other elements to improve performance, such as thermal stability and chemical resistance. Ionic liquid (ILs) are a promising green lubricant option due to their low melting temperature, superior thermal stability, and acceptabble miscibility with organic substances. ILs have been studied as main lubricants and additives to the main lubricants, and their tribological properties have been investigated, including their use as extreme temperature lubricants. The tribological properties of pure/doped DLC coatings with ILs have also been explored, although limited research has been conducted in this area. The combined synergistic effect of DLCs and ILs shows great promise in reducing energy loss due to friction, promoting longevity, and conserving energy.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Functionalization of Alkenes
The functionalization of alkenes is one of the most important conversions in synthetic chemistry to prepare numerous fine chemicals. Typical procedures, such as hydrosilylation and hydroformylation, are traditionally catalyzed using homogeneous noble metal complexes, while the highly reactive and stable heterogeneous single-atom catalysts (SACs) now provide alternative approaches to fulfill these conversions by combining the advantages of both homogeneous catalysts and heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Smart Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Recent advances in nanotechnology have forced the obtaining of new materials with multiple functionalities. Due to their reduced dimensions, nanomaterials exhibit outstanding physio-chemical functionalities: increased absorption and reactivity, higher surface area, molar extinction coefficients, tunable plasmonic properties, quantum effects, and magnetic and photo properties. However, in the biomedical field, it is still difficult to use tools made of nanomaterials for better therapeutics due to their limitations (including non-biocompatible, poor photostabilities, low targeting capacity, rapid renal clearance, side effects on other organs, insufficient cellular uptake, and small blood retention), so other types with controlled abilities must be developed, called “smart” nanomaterials.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cementitious Materials Mixed with Nanomaterials
Nanotechnology is an innovative developing science in the area of civil engineering that is still in its early stages. Extensive attempts were made to integrate nanomaterials into traditional cementitious pastes to improve performance. Previous research has shown that incorporating nanomaterial into geopolymer concrete (GPC) enhances the geopolymerization and microstructure. As a result of their exceptional and intelligent characteristics, cementitious materials mixed with nanomaterials led to high-performance structural components for various purposes in the building sector.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2022
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