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Topic Review
Phosphorus Fertilizers
Phosphorus fertilizers from sewage sludge ash are fertilizers the raw material of which is waste of municipal origin, i.e. sewage sludge ash (SSA). SSA is the by-product produced during the combustion of dewatered sewage sludge in an incinerator and P-rich secondary raw material. The P content in dry matter of SSA ranges from less than 10% to less than 20%. Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms can be added to SSA-fertilizers to enhance P compounds availability. SSA-fertilizers have a potential to substitute or supplement commercial P fertilizers in times of non-renewable raw material shortage. Their yield-enhancing efficiency of SSA-fertilizers is promising, yet long-term field research concerning the impact on environment are necessary.  
  • 903
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)
Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) or broomcorn millet is among the most important food crops to be domesticated by humans; it is widely distributed in America, Europe, and Asia.
  • 902
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Quantify Heat Stress Response in Farm Animals
Non-invasive methods of detecting heat stress magnitude for livestock is gaining momentum in the context of global climate change. The concept of a non-invasive approach to assess heat stress primarily looks into behavioral and physiological responses which can be monitored without any human interference or additional stress on the animal. Bioclimatic thermal indices can be considered as the least invasive approach to assess and/or predict the level of heat stress in livestock. Assessing these responses can prove beneficial to quantifying heat stress and thereby enforcing suitable amelioration and mitigation strategies. There are a number of approaches to quantify heat stress, which in the current scenario with increasing animal welfare concern, can be considered as invasive and non-invasive approaches.
  • 900
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Discovery and Function of Filaggrin
Keratohyalin granules were discovered in the mid-19th century in cells that terminally differentiate to form the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis.  The first indications of the composition of these structures emerged in the 1960’s from a histochemical stain for histidine, followed by radioauto-graphic evidence for a high incidence of histidine incorporation into newly synthesized proteins in cells containing the granules.  Research during the next three decades revealed the structure and function of the major protein in these granules, which was initially called the ‘histidine-rich pro-tein.’  Steinert and Dale named the protein ‘filaggrin’ in 1981 because of its ability to aggregate keratin intermediate filaments.  The human gene for the precursor ‘profilaggrin’ was reported in 1991 to encode 10, 11 or 12 nearly identical repeats.  Remarkably, the mouse and rat genes encode up to 20 repeats.  The lifetime of filaggrin is the time required for keratinocytes in the granular layer to move into the inner cornified layer.  During this transition, filaggrin facilitates the collapse of corneocytes into an impermeable surface barrier.  The subsequent degradation of filaggrin is as remarkable as its synthesis and the end-products aide in maintaining moisture in the cornified layer.  It became apparent that ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis were associated with the absence of this protein.  McLean’s team in 2006 identified the cause of these diseases by discov-ering loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene that led to dysfunction of the epidermal surface barrier.  This story illustrates the complexity in maintaining a healthy, functional surface barrier.
  • 899
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Parent Origin and Wolves' Conflict
We researched whether the behavior of young migrating wolves (loners), after they leave the pack, resembles parent pack (PP) behavior. Fourteen loners entering the Netherlands could be identified and genetically linked to their PPs. Like their PPs, some young wolves killed sheep and were near humans, others killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep nor were they in proximity to humans. Thus, the PP behavior did predict loner’s behavior and human-wildlife conflicts may be similar between young wolves and their PPs. However, conflicts need not arise. To achieve that, new prevention methods are proposed to teach wolves in the PP not to approach sheep and humans. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving the PP.
  • 898
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tuber Sprout Suppressants
To avoid tuber sprouting, increased storage and transportation of potatoes demands either the retention of their dormant state or the application of sprout growth suppressants.
  • 897
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Salt-Tolerant Bacterial Inoculations on Rice
Salt-tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) has been reported to possess various salt-tolerant mechanisms, namely through the production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) and the formation of a biofilm, which have been proven to restrict Na+ uptake under saline soil conditions.
  • 893
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ustilago Maydis
Ustilago maydis is a smut fungus that infects all aerial maize organs, namely, seedling leaves, tassels, and ears.
  • 893
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
RNAi Crop Protection
RNAi technology is a versatile, effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternative for crop protection. There is plenty of evidence of its use through host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and emerging evidence that spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) techniques can work as well to control viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, and nematodes. For SIGS, its most significant challenge is achieving stability and avoiding premature degradation of RNAi in the environment or during its absorption by the target organism.
  • 893
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
European Map Butterfly Araschnia levana
The European map butterfly (Araschnia levana) looks different in spring and summer due to day length and temperature. If the butterfly’s caterpillars receive at least 16 h of light per day, the resulting butterfly hatches a few weeks later in summer with blackish wings (f. prorsa). However, if caterpillars receive less than 15.5 h of daylight, many overwinter as pupae. The imagos emerging in the following spring, have predominantly organge wings with black spots (f. levana). This whole process is guided by hormones and epigenetics.
  • 891
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Neuropathic Itch Caused by Pseudorabies Virus
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus related to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). PRV is the causative agent of Aujeskzy’s disease in swine. PRV infects mucosal epithelium and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host where it can establish a quiescent, latent infection. While the natural host of PRV is the swine, a broad spectrum of mammals, including rodents, cats, dogs, and cattle can be infected. Since the nineteenth century, PRV infection is known to cause a severe acute neuropathy, the so called “mad itch” in non-natural hosts, but surprisingly not in swine. In the past, most scientific efforts have been directed to eradicating PRV from pig farms by the use of effective marker vaccines, but little attention has been given to the processes leading to the mad itch. 
  • 890
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bovine Mastitis
Bovine mastitis is the most costly disease affecting cows worldwide. Reduced milk production, changes in milk composition, discarded milk, higher replacement costs, additional labour, care costs and veterinarian services all add to substantial economic losses for dairy farmers and the milk processing sector. The risk factors that predisposes dairy cows to mastitis may be classified as cow-related, microorganism-related or management-practices-related risk factors.
  • 889
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry
One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. 
  • 888
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cold Stress in Arabidopsis and Rice
Cold stress, including freezing stress and chilling stress, is one of the major environmental factors that limit the growth and productivity of plants. As a temperate dicot model plant species, Arabidopsis develops a capability to freezing tolerance through cold acclimation. The past decades have witnessed a deep understanding of mechanisms underlying cold stress signal perception, transduction, and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis. In contrast, a monocot cereal model plant species derived from tropical and subtropical origins, rice, is very sensitive to chilling stress and has evolved a different mechanism for chilling stress signaling and response.
  • 888
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Abscisic Acid-Mediated Drought Stress
Drought is one of the major constraints to rain-fed agricultural production, especially under climate change conditions. Plants evolved an array of adaptive strategies that perceive stress stimuli and respond to these stress signals through specific mechanisms. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a premier signal for plants to respond to drought and plays a critical role in plant growth and development. 
  • 887
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Escherichia Coli O157:H7
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga-like toxin–producing types of E. coli. It is a cause of disease, typically foodborne illness, through consumption of contaminated and raw food, including raw milk and undercooked ground beef. Infection with this type of pathogenic bacteria may lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea, and to kidney failure; these have been reported to cause the deaths of children younger than five years of age, of elderly patients, and of patients whose immune systems are otherwise compromised. Transmission is via the fecal–oral route, and most illness has been through distribution of contaminated raw leaf green vegetables, undercooked meat and raw milk.
  • 886
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Genital Tract Microbiome of Cattle
The term microbiota refers to the entire population of microorganisms that colonizes a particular location and includes not just bacteria, but also other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans. Cows have bacteria inhabiting the uterus even before calving and establish a unique endometrial microbiome within 20 min of calving where the microbiome is similar between cows that develop metritis and cows without endometritis until at least the second day postpartum.
  • 883
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. 
  • 881
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Zearalenone and the Immune Response
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic fusariotoxin, being classified as a phytoestrogen, or as a mycoestrogen. ZEA and its metabolites are able to bind to estrogen receptors, 17β-estradiol specific receptors, leading to reproductive disorders which include low fertility, abnormal fetal development, reduced litter size and modification at the level of reproductive hormones especially in female pigs. ZEA has also significant effects on immune response with immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive results. This review presents the effects of ZEA and its derivatives on all levels of the immune response such as innate immunity with its principal component inflammatory response as well as the acquired immunity with two components, humoral and cellular immune response. The mechanisms involved by ZEA in triggering its effects are addressed. 
  • 880
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Phage Therapy in Aquaculture Management
Therapeutic bacteriophages, commonly called as phages, are a promising potential alternative to antibiotics in the management of bacterial infections of a wide range of organisms including cultured fish. Their natural immunogenicity often induces the modulation of a variated collection of immune responses within several types of immunocytes while promoting specific mechanisms of bacterial clearance. 
  • 878
  • 26 Oct 2021
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