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Topic Review
Dietary Interventions for Complementing Celiac Disease and Beyond
Celiac Disease (CeD) is a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy caused by ingesting dietary gluten proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. CeD is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting around 1.4% of the population globally. The only acceptable treatment for CeD is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, in some cases, GFD does not alter gluten-induced symptoms. In addition, strict adherence to a GFD reduces patients’ quality of life and is often a socio-economic burden. Therefore, dietary and non-dietary interventions are investigated. This entry concentrates on the recent research on the degradation of gluten through enzymes, the modulation of the microbiome, and the different types of “biotics” strategies, from probiotics to the less explored “viromebiotics” as possible beneficial complementary interventions for CeD management and other less understood gluten-related disorders beyond the GFD.
  • 670
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases
Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and lupus erythematosus are some of common inflammatory diseases. These affections are highly disabling and share signals such as inflammatory sequences and immune dysregulation. The use of foods with anti-inflammatory properties such as ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) could improve the quality of life of these patients. Ginger is a plant widely used and known by its bioactive compounds. There is enough evidence to prove that ginger possesses multiple biological activities, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities.
  • 670
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Healthy School Canteen Intervention
Implementing a school-based intervention to promote healthier dietary habits in the school environment among Malaysian adolescents using qualitative methods. This qualitative study was conducted in four secondary schools in Perak and Selangor (two urban and two rural schools) that received the intervention (either training or training and food subsidy). A total of eight focus groups (68 students aged 15 years old) and 16 in-depth interviews were conducted with canteen operators, school convenience shop operators, school teachers and school principals in each school. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data to identify suitable themes. Finding several initiatives and changes by the schools’ stakeholders to change to a healthy school canteen programme. The stakeholders also noticed the students’ food preferences that influence healthy food intake in canteens and convenience shops. The food vendors and school administrators also found that subsidising healthy meals might encourage healthy eating. Among barriers to implementing healthy school initiatives were the student’s perception of healthy food and their eating habits, which also affect the food vendors’ profit if they want to implement a healthy canteen. The school-based intervention has the potential to promotes healthier eating among school adolescents. Continuous training and monitoring of canteen operators and convenience shops are needed, including building partnerships and educating the students on healthy eating to cultivate healthy eating habits.
  • 669
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Effects of Turmeric
Turmeric, also known as Curcuma longa, is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family (ginger family). This plant is highly branched with long aromatic leaves arranged in two rows and with flowers from white, green, yellowish, and purple-red colors.
  • 668
  • 27 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Fluid Overload for Protein Energy Malnutrition
Protein energy malnutrition is recognized as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Protein–energy-wasting process is observed in about 45% of the dialysis population using common biomarkers worldwide. Although several factors are implicated in protein energy wasting, inflammation and oxidative stress mechanisms play a central role in this pathogenic process. Fluid overload and fluid depletion mimic a tide up and down phenomenon that contributes to inducing hypercatabolism and stimulates oxidation phosphorylation mechanisms at the cellular level in particular muscles. This endogenous metabolic water production may contribute to hyponatremia. In addition, salt tissue accumulation likely contributes to hypercatabolic state through locally inflammatory and immune-mediated mechanisms but also contributes to the perturbation of hormone receptors. 
  • 666
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Vegetarian Diets and Chronic Kidney Disease Complications
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that higher consumption of plant-based foods and the nutrients found in vegetarian and plant-based diets are associated with numerous health benefits, including improved blood pressure, glycemic control, lipid levels, body mass index, and acid–base parameters. Furthermore, there has been increasing recognition that vegetarian and plant-based diets may have potential salutary benefits in preventing the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While increasing evidence shows that vegetarian and plant-based diets have nephroprotective effects, there remains some degree of uncertainty about their nutritional adequacy and safety in CKD (with respect to protein-energy wasting, hyperkalemia, etc.). 
  • 661
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Postprandial Hyperglycemia
Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • 660
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Xanthophylls from the Sea
Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties.
  • 659
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Fruit Juices and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Free sugars overconsumption is associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors for metabolic diseases such as the alteration of the blood lipid levels. Natural fruit juices have a free sugar composition quite similar to that of sugar-sweetened beverages. Despite the similarity of fruits juices to sugar-sweetened beverages in terms of free sugars content, it remains unclear whether they lead to the same metabolic consequences if consumed in equal dose.
  • 659
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Major Mechanisms of Kaempferol in Management of Cancer
Plant-derived flavonoids are considered natural nontoxic chemo-preventers and have been widely studied for cancer treatment in recent decades. Mostly all flavonoid compounds show significant anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Kaempferol (Kmp) is a well-studied compound and exhibits remarkable anticancer and antioxidant potential. Kmp can regulate various cancer-related processes and activities such as cell cycle, oxidative stress, apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
  • 657
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Adzuki Bean Alleviates Obesity
Adzuki bean consumption has many health benefits, but its effects on obesity and regulating gut microbiota imbalances induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) have not been thoroughly studied. Mice were fed a low-fat diet, a HFD, and a HFD supplemented with 15% adzuki bean (HFD-AB) for 12 weeks. Adzuki bean supplementation significantly reduced obesity, lipid accumulation, and serum lipid and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels induced by HFD. It also mitigated liver function damage and hepatic steatosis. In particular, adzuki bean supplementation improved glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin sensitivity. In addition, it significantly reversed HFD-induced gut microbiota imbalances. Adzuki bean significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B); enriched the occurrence of Bifidobacterium, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcus_1, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, Muribaculum, Turicibacter, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Lachnoclostridium; and returned HFD-dependent taxa (Desulfovibrionaceae, Bilophila, Ruminiclostridium_9, Blautia, and Ruminiclostridium) back to normal status. PICRUSt2 analysis showed that the changes in gut microbiota induced by adzuki bean supplementation may be associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, sulfur, and cysteine and methionine; and LPS biosynthesis; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation. 
  • 656
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Precision Nutrition and Cancer Relapse
Precision nutrition is an emerging science that relies on well-established factors such as genetic and epigenetic variation.  Advances in genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics are improving our understanding regarding cancer metabolic diversity, resulting in detailed classifications of tumors and raising the effectiveness of precision medicine. Likewise, the growing knowledge of interactions between nutrients and the expression of certain genes could lead to cancer therapies based on precision nutrition strategies. 
  • 653
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Therapy in Pediatric CD
The increase in incidences of pediatric Crohn’s Disease (CD) worldwide has been strongly linked with dietary shifts towards a Westernized diet, ultimately leading to altered gut microbiota and disturbance in intestinal immunity and the metabolome. Multiple clinical studies in children with CD have demonstrated the high efficacy of nutritional therapy with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) to induce remission with an excellent safety profile. However, EEN is poorly tolerated, limiting its compliance and clinical application. This has spiked an interest in the development of alternative and better-tolerated nutritional therapy strategies. Several nutritional therapies have now been designed not only to treat the nutritional deficiencies seen in children with active CD but also to correct dysbiosis and reduce intestinal inflammation.
  • 652
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Peptide from Trametes versicolor for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have shown an upward trend. Therefore, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer still need our continuous attention. Finding compounds with strong anticancer activity and low toxicity is a good strategy for colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy. Trametes versicolor is a traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom with a long history of being used to regulate immunity and prevent cancer. Its extractions were demonstrated with strong cell growth inhibitory activity on human colorectal tumor cells, while the anticancer activity of them is not acted through a direct cytotoxic effect. 
  • 652
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diet in IBD Remission
Identification of the dietary triggers of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and of a dietary regime which can be followed in the long-term by patients, is of paramount importance. Hence, we performed a comprehensive and detailed review of the literature about the role of diet in the maintenance of clinical remission in Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC), in both adult and paediatric patients. More specifically, we investigated:1) the efficacy of food reintroduction protocols in maintaining clinical remission in patients with CD, following induction of remission with nutritional therapies2.) the efficacy of dietary therapies, including strategies using maintenance enteral nutrition or ordinary food-based diets, on reducing clinical relapse rates in patients with CD and UC3.) the association of dietary components with the risk of developing a clinical relapse in patients with CD and UCFurthermore, we included specific study-related recommendations, which we believe should form the basis of future research studies investigating the role of diet in maintaining clinical remission in IBD.
  • 651
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cow’s Milk Allergy
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) may manifest with similar symptoms in infants making the diagnosis challenging. While immediate reaction to cow’s milk protein indicate CMA, regurgitation, vomiting, crying, fussiness, poor appetite, sleep disturbances have been reported in both CMA and GERD and in other conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, eosinophilic esophagitis, anatomic abnormalities, metabolic and neurological diseases. Gastrointestinal manifestations of CMA are often non-IgE mediated and clinical response to cow’s milk free diet is not a proof of immune system involvement. 
  • 650
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Resveratrol on Pregnancy Complications
Adverse pregnancy outcomes are considered significant health risks for pregnant women and their offspring during pregnancy and throughout their lifespan. Maternal dietary intake of polyphenolic antioxidants is linked to a reduced risk of maternal obesity and cardio-metabolic disorders, positively affecting both the fetus and offspring. The effect/s of the naturally occurring polyphenol antioxidant resveratrol on oxidative stress, inflammation, and other molecular and physiological phenomena associated with pregnancy and pregnancy conditions are discussed, such as gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm labor.
  • 650
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Supplements on Inflammatory Markers and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
A key characteristic of severe presentations of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection involves overactive host inflammatory responses, with a substantial proportion of severe outcomes such as hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19 linked to hyper-inflammation. Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the progression of infectious diseases including COVID-19. Evidence suggests that high sensitivity (hs) C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are among the most important biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, similar to the chronic conditions involved in vascular aging. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and hsCRP are also biomarkers of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, it is well established that elevated levels of other inflammatory markers are common in COVID-19 patients. These markers include IL-1β, IL-7, IL-8, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, procalcitonin (PCT), serum ferritin, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
  • 649
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome
The definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) includes biomarkers such as an increase in triglycerides, a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and impaired glucose. However, the alteration of these biomarkers occurs when the condition is already in place; for this reason, it is necessary to identify biomarkers capable of predicting the manifestations related to MetS in advance in order to implement measures to avoid its appearance.
  • 645
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome in Schizophrenia
The gut microbiome (GMB) plays an important role in developmental processes and has been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
  • 644
  • 20 May 2021
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