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Topic Review
Imaging Techniques for Cardiac Function
Cardiac imaging techniques include a variety of distinct applications with which we can visualize cardiac function non-invasively. Through different applications of physical entities such as sound waves, X-rays, magnetic fields, and nuclear energy, along with highly sophisticated computer hardware and software, it is now possible to reconstruct the dynamic aspect of cardiac function in many forms, from static images to high-definition videos and real-time three-dimensional projections.
  • 949
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Feedback Devices for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
The application of feedback devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can effectively enhance the quality of life-saving treatment during CPR. 
  • 949
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Cardiorenal Syndromes
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as a disorder resulting from the abnormal interaction between the heart and kidney, in which acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may lead to acute and/or chronic dysfunction of the other. The functional interplay between the heart and kidney is characterized by a complex bidirectional symbiotic interaction, regulated by a wide array of both genetic and environmental mechanisms. There are at least five known subtypes of CRS, based on the severity of clinical features and the degree of heart/renal failure. The fourth subtype (cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS4)) is characterized by a primary chronic kidney disease (CKD), which in turn leads to a decreased cardiac function. Impairment of renal function is among the most important pathophysiological factors contributing to heart failure (HF) in the pediatric age group, and cardiovascular complications could be one of the most important causes of mortality in pediatric patients with advanced CKD. In this context, a loss of glomerular filtration rate directly correlates with both the progression of cardiovascular complications in CRS and the risk of HF.
  • 948
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dissecting Polygenic Etiology of Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke (IS), the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is caused by many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This complex disease is also known for its multiple etiologies with moderate heritability. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs), which have been used to establish a common genetic basis for IS, may contribute to IS risk stratification for disease/outcome prediction and personalized management. Statistical modeling and machine learning algorithms have contributed significantly to this field. For instance, multiple algorithms have been successfully applied to PRS construction and integration of genetic and non-genetic features for outcome prediction to aid in risk stratification for personalized management and prevention measures. PRS derived from variants with effect size estimated based on the summary statistics of a specific subtype shows a stronger association with the matched subtype. The disruption of the extracellular matrix and amyloidosis account for the pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Pathway-specific PRS analyses confirm known and identify novel etiologies related to IS.
  • 947
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH) has been defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) during exercise in otherwise normal values at rest. EIPH reflects heart and/or lung dysfunction and may precede the development of manifest pulmonary hypertension (PH) in a proportion of patients. It is also associated with decreased life expectancy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or left ventricle (LV) valvular diseases. Diastolic dysfunction exacerbated during exercise relates to increased LV filling pressure and left atrial pressure (LAP). In this context backward, transmitted pressure alone or accompanied with backward blood flow promotes EIPH. 
  • 947
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
N-Acetylcysteine and Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. Although the mechanism for atherosclerosis is complex and has not been fully understood, inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used as a mucolytic agent and an antidote for acetaminophen overdose with a well-established safety profile. NAC has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including an increase in the intracellular glutathione level and an attenuation of the nuclear factor kappa-B mediated production of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins. Numerous animal studies have demonstrated that NAC significantly decreases the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
  • 947
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Toll-Like Receptors in Essential Hypertension
Essential hypertension (EH) is a highly heterogenous disease with a complex etiology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implied as novel effectors in this inflammatory environment since they can significantly stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), facilitating a low-intensity inflammatory background that is evident from the very early stages of hypertension. Furthermore, the net result of their activation is oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and finally, vascular target organ damage, which forms the pathogenetic basis of EH. Importantly, evidence of augmented TLR expression and activation in hypertension has been documented not only in immune but also in several non-immune cells located in the central nervous system, the kidneys, and the vasculature which form the pathogenetic core systems operating in hypertensive disease.
  • 946
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Cytoskeletal Protein
Cytoskeletal protein variants include variants in desmin, lamin A/C, titin, myosin heavy and light chain, junctophilin, nucleoporin, nesprin, and filamin C.
  • 946
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an integral part of clinical decision support systems (CDSS), offering methods to approximate human reasoning and computationally infer decisions. AI is currently being investigated in several cardiology domains, from clinical decision support systems (CDSS) to imaging interpretation.
  • 944
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, although traditionally, it has been considered as a male dominated disease. Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes type 2 and CVD. 
  • 943
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Associations between CKD, Retina, and CVD
The kidney, brain, and retina are highly metabolic organs that require specialized vascular networks to carry out their function. Cohort studies suggest that retinopathy, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coincide. The frequently concurrent prevalence of retinopathy, CVD, and CKD suggests a common basis for pathology.
  • 943
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sex Differences in VCI
The impacts of sex differences on the biology of various organ systems and the influences of sex hormones on modulating health and disease have become increasingly relevant in clinical and biomedical research. A growing body of evidence has recently suggested fundamental sex differences in cardiovascular and cognitive function, including anatomy, pathophysiology, incidence and age of disease onset, symptoms affecting disease diagnosis, disease severity, progression, and treatment responses and outcomes. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently recognized as the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia and might contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), including a range of cognitive deficits, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia.
  • 939
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pyrophosphate in Vascular Calcification
In vertebrates, plasma and other extracellular fluids are supersaturated with phosphate and calcium, causing a tendency for spontaneous calcium-phosphate precipitation. Therefore, the synthesis of calcium phosphate deposition inhibitors is essential for survival, including pyrophosphate and several proteins.
  • 932
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Acute Myocardial Infarction during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was a global pandemic with high mortality and morbidity that led to an increased health burden all over the world. Although the virus mostly affects the pulmonary tract, cardiovascular implications are often observed among COVID-19 patients and are predictive of poor outcomes. Increased values of myocardial biomarkers such as troponin I or NT-proBNP were proven to be risk factors for respiratory failure. Although the risk of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) was greater in the acute phase of COVID-19, there were lower rates of hospitalization for ACSs, due to patients’ hesitation in presenting at the hospital. Hospitalized ACSs patients with COVID-19 infection had a prolonged symptom-to-first-medical-contact time, and longer door-to-balloon time. The mechanisms of myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients are still not entirely clear; however, the most frequently implicated factors include the downregulation of ACE2 receptors, endothelial dysfunction, pro-coagulant status, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 
  • 932
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cardiotoxic Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies
Cardiotoxicity ranges from arrhythmias to life-threatening myocarditis with very high mortality rates. To date, most treatments of  Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) cardiotoxicity include immune suppression, which is also not cardiac-specific and may result in hampering of tumor clearance. 
  • 931
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Acute Coronary Syndromes and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induces a process of systemic inflammation, sharing common ground with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Growing evidence points towards a possible association between IBD and an increased risk of ACS.
  • 929
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) not less than 50%. HFpEF accounts for more than 50% of all HF patients, and its prevalence is increasing year to year with the aging population, with its prognosis worsening.
  • 928
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Interventional Cardiology of Chronic Heart Failure
Chronic heart failure (HF) is classified into two types: HFrEF—heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; and HFpEF—heart failure with “preserved” EF. In both the cases, increased left ventricular filling pressure impact on symptoms and on myocardial perfusion. Thus, device-based solutions were proposed to improve cardiac physiology in HF and to prevent or treat post-capillary pulmonary hypertension.
  • 925
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ankyrin/Spectrin in Cardiac Conduction
The cardiac conduction system is an extended network of excitable tissue tasked with generation and propagation of electrical impulses to signal coordinated contraction of the heart. The fidelity of this system depends on the proper spatio-temporal regulation of ion channels in myocytes throughout the conduction system. Importantly, inherited or acquired defects in a wide class of ion channels has been linked to dysfunction at various stages of the conduction system resulting in life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Members of the ankyrin and spectrin families have emerged as important nodes for normal expression and regulation of ion channels in myocytes throughout the conduction system. Human variants impacting ankyrin/spectrin function give rise to a broad constellation of cardiac arrhythmias. Furthermore, chronic neurohumoral and biomechanical stress promotes ankyrin/spectrin loss of function that likely contributes to conduction disturbances in the setting of acquired cardiac disease.
  • 924
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
The Role of Hyperuricemia in the Atherosclerosis
Hyperuricemia is  related with cardiovascular risks. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced simultaneously with the formation of uric acid by xanthine oxidases. Intracellular uric acid has also been reported to promote the production of ROS. The ROS and the intracellular uric acid itself regulate several intracellular signaling pathways, and alterations in these pathways may result in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
  • 924
  • 01 Dec 2021
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