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Topic Review
Cardioplegic Solutions in pigs
Cardioplegic solutions are essential in cardiac surgery since they create a silent operating field and protect the myocardium against extensive ischemic damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Cardioplegia is defined as controlled-induced cardiac arrest. A cardioplegic solution induces cardioplegia leading to reversible cardiac arrest.
  • 989
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Angina in 2022
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and ischemic heart disease is responsible for approximately half of these deaths. Angina is the main symptom of ischemic heart disease; mirroring a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand.
  • 989
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Popeye Domain Containing Gene Family
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) genes encode a novel class of  3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) effector proteins, which are localized to the plasma membrane. Mutations of POPDC genes have been associated with cardiac and skeletal muscle disease. However POPDC genes also play a role as tumor suppressor by interacting with proteins involved in cell migration, cell signaling and cell cycle control.
  • 987
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet function
Thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet function are known as intrinsic drawbacks of cardiac surgery and extracorporeal life supports (ECLS). A number of different factors influence platelet count and function including the inflammatory response to a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or to ECLS, hemodilution, hypothermia, mechanical damage and preoperative treatment with platelet-inhibiting agents. Moreover, although underestimated, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is still a hiccup in the perioperative management of cardiac surgical and, above all, ECLS patients. Moreover, recent investigations have highlighted how platelet disorders also affect patients undergoing biological prosthesis implantation. Though many hypotheses have been suggested, the mechanism underlying thrombocytopenia and platelet disorders is still to be cleared. This narrative review aims to offer clinicians a summary of their major causes in the cardiac surgery setting. 
  • 983
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe medical condition characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), right ventricular (RV) failure, and death in the absence of appropriate treatment. The progression and prognosis are strictly related to the etiology, biochemical parameters, and treatment response. The gold-standard test remains right-sided heart catheterization, but dynamic monitoring of systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery is performed using echocardiography. 
  • 983
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection
Infection is the most feared complication in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), with an incidence of 1–3% during the lifetime and a mortality rate of up to 27.5% at three years. Different strategies have been proposed to prevent infections. Strategies of proven efficacy include appropriate procedure timing, management of antithrombotic therapy, patient preparation, surgical technique, and adequate wound care. However, the most important defense against CIED infection (and the most studied in more than 40 years of clinical trials) is systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. In short, preoperative administration of antibiotics is clearly beneficial and represents the standard of care for all patients, recommended by international consensus, mostly with drugs covering Staphylococcus aureus species, such as beta-lactams or glycopeptides.
  • 982
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fabry Disease
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder, depending on defects in alpha-galactosidase A (GAL) activity. At the clinical level, FD shows a high phenotype variability. Cardiovascular dysfunction is often recurrent or, in some cases, is the sole symptom (cardiac variant) representing the leading cause of death in Fabry patients. Cardiac dysfunction is dependent on globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) accumulation in the heart but several other mechanisms are involved, such as inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, that could become useful targets for therapeutics.
  • 981
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH) has been defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) during exercise in otherwise normal values at rest. EIPH reflects heart and/or lung dysfunction and may precede the development of manifest pulmonary hypertension (PH) in a proportion of patients. It is also associated with decreased life expectancy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or left ventricle (LV) valvular diseases. Diastolic dysfunction exacerbated during exercise relates to increased LV filling pressure and left atrial pressure (LAP). In this context backward, transmitted pressure alone or accompanied with backward blood flow promotes EIPH. 
  • 981
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics
Radiomics, via the extraction of quantitative information from conventional radiologic images, can identify imperceptible imaging biomarkers that can advance the characterization of coronary plaques and the surrounding adipose tissue. Such an approach can unravel the underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis which has the potential to aid diagnostic, prognostic and, therapeutic decision making. Several studies have demonstrated that radiomic analysis can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques with a level of accuracy comparable, if not superior, to current conventional qualitative and quantitative image analysis. While there are many milestones still to be reached before radiomics can be integrated into current clinical practice, such techniques hold great promise for improving the imaging phenotyping of coronary artery disease.
  • 977
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cardiotoxic Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapies
Cardiotoxicity ranges from arrhythmias to life-threatening myocarditis with very high mortality rates. To date, most treatments of  Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) cardiotoxicity include immune suppression, which is also not cardiac-specific and may result in hampering of tumor clearance. 
  • 977
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Dopamine Levels and Metabolism in the Heart
Dopamine has effects on the mammalian heart. These effects can include an increase in the force of contraction, and an elevation of the beating rate and the constriction of coronary arteries. Depending on the species studied, positive inotropic effects were strong, very modest, or absent, or even negative inotropic effects occurred.
  • 977
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ankyrin/Spectrin in Cardiac Conduction
The cardiac conduction system is an extended network of excitable tissue tasked with generation and propagation of electrical impulses to signal coordinated contraction of the heart. The fidelity of this system depends on the proper spatio-temporal regulation of ion channels in myocytes throughout the conduction system. Importantly, inherited or acquired defects in a wide class of ion channels has been linked to dysfunction at various stages of the conduction system resulting in life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Members of the ankyrin and spectrin families have emerged as important nodes for normal expression and regulation of ion channels in myocytes throughout the conduction system. Human variants impacting ankyrin/spectrin function give rise to a broad constellation of cardiac arrhythmias. Furthermore, chronic neurohumoral and biomechanical stress promotes ankyrin/spectrin loss of function that likely contributes to conduction disturbances in the setting of acquired cardiac disease.
  • 975
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques for Cardiac Function
Cardiac imaging techniques include a variety of distinct applications with which we can visualize cardiac function non-invasively. Through different applications of physical entities such as sound waves, X-rays, magnetic fields, and nuclear energy, along with highly sophisticated computer hardware and software, it is now possible to reconstruct the dynamic aspect of cardiac function in many forms, from static images to high-definition videos and real-time three-dimensional projections.
  • 975
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Associations between CKD, Retina, and CVD
The kidney, brain, and retina are highly metabolic organs that require specialized vascular networks to carry out their function. Cohort studies suggest that retinopathy, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coincide. The frequently concurrent prevalence of retinopathy, CVD, and CKD suggests a common basis for pathology.
  • 973
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Maternal Hyperoxygenation Protocol
Fetal echocardiography is an excellent tool for accurately assessing the anatomy and physiology of most congenital heart defects (CHDs). Knowledge gathered from a thorough initial fetal echocardiogram and serial assessment assists with appropriate perinatal care planning, resulting in improved postnatal outcomes. However, fetal echocardiography alone provides limited information about the status of the pulmonary vasculature, which can be abnormal in certain complex CHDs with obstructed pulmonary venous flow (hypoplastic left heart syndrome with restrictive atrial septum) or excessive pulmonary artery flow (d-transposition of the great arteries, usually with a restrictive ductus arteriosus). Fetuses with these CHDs are at high risk of developing severe hemodynamic instability with the immediate transition from prenatal to postnatal circulatory physiology at the time of birth. Adjunctive use of acute maternal hyperoxygenation (MH) testing in such cases can help determine pulmonary vascular reactivity in prenatal life and better predict the likelihood of postnatal compromise and the need for emergent intervention.
  • 973
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Right Ventricle-Predominant Cardiogenic Shock
Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a highly lethal condition despite many efforts and new interventions. Patients presenting with a rapid onset of hemodynamic instability and subsequent collapse require prompt and appropriate multimodality treatment. Multiple etiologies can lead to heart failure and subsequent shock. As the case prevalence of heart failure increases worldwide, it is of great importance to explore all manners and protocols of presentation and treatment present.
  • 972
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Echocardiography of Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) refers to an infection of the endocardial surface structures of the heart. It is a complex heterogeneous condition often with systemic complications and carries a high rate of mortality and morbidities.
  • 972
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cytoskeletal Protein
Cytoskeletal protein variants include variants in desmin, lamin A/C, titin, myosin heavy and light chain, junctophilin, nucleoporin, nesprin, and filamin C.
  • 971
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with AF Undergoing PCI
The antithrombotic management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) poses numerous challenges. Triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT), which combines dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with oral anticoagulation (OAC), provides anti-ischemic protection but increases the risk of bleeding. Therefore, TAT is generally limited to a short phase (1 week) after PCI, followed by aspirin withdrawal and continuation of 6–12 months of dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT), comprising OAC plus clopidogrel, followed by OAC alone.
  • 971
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in women, although traditionally, it has been considered as a male dominated disease. Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance, diabetes type 2 and CVD. 
  • 970
  • 06 May 2021
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