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Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of Animal Tendons
In medical and bioengineering research, animal tendons are commonly utilized as surrogates for human ones for mechanical testing. Due to the differences among human tendons of different anatomical districts, different animal species can be better suited for specific purposes. Indeed, the mechanical response of animal tendons to an external load is strictly related to its complex and highly organized hierarchical structure, which ranges from nano- to macroscale. In a broader sense, the mechanical properties of tendons during tensile tests are affected by several distinct factors, due in part to tendon nature (anatomical site, age, training, injury, etc.) but also depending on the experimental setup and settings. Thus, there are similarities between animal and human tendons that should be considered in the biomechanical evaluation. 
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotics in Avian Species
Bacterial infections are commonly diagnosed and treated with antibiotics in the avian species. Infected birds can spread zoonotic diseases such as influenza, psittacosis, pasteurellosis, and campylobacteriosis to humans, especially if they are in close contact with them, such as pet-owner settings, zoos, or pet shops. The elimination of bacterial infections in birds is therefore important for both human and avian health.
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antifungals Used in Exotic Avian and Reptile Species
Exotic animals are typically non-domesticated and non-indigenous to the geographical region they inhabit. Fungal diseases are widespread and have led to the decline of multifarious exotic animals. Fatal dermatomycoses caused by Nannizziopsis spp. have been reported in captive reptiles, despite treatment with antifungals. Dermatomycoses such as those caused by the fungal complex Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) are emerging infectious diseases in reptiles, with increasing prevalence and spread across geographical regions and, unfortunately, increasing antifungal resistance patterns. Likewise, the most common fungal disease in avians, aspergillosis, has a high mortality rate. 
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
American Foulbrood
American foulbrood (AFB) is exclusively an infectious disease of honey bee larvae (Apis mellifera) and their subspecies that is spread easily and rapidly and is often present in apiaries. Due to the resistance and pathogenicity of the bacterial causative agent of the disease, which has considerable epizootiological and economic significance for beekeeping, AFB was classified as a highly dangerous, infectious animal disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). Considering the severity of the infection, a frequent occurrence, rapid and easy spread, epizooty and enzooty are common. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Aquatic and Terrestrial Invertebrate Welfare
Invertebrates are a diverse group of animals that make up the majority of the animal kingdom and encompass a wide array of species with varying adaptations and characteristics. Invertebrates are found in nearly all of the world’s habitats, including aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a group of bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB) in diverse hosts, including captive and free-ranging wildlife species. There is significant research interest in developing immunodiagnostic tests for TB that are both rapid and reliable, to underpin disease surveillance and control.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Veterinary Drug Residues
Veterinary drugs are substances or mixtures used for the prevention, treatment, or diagnosis of animal diseases or for purposeful regulation of animal physiological functions
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Colostrum Functional Properties in Puppies and Kittens
Colostrum is the secretion of the mammary gland at the time of the final third of pregnancy. The main source of energy is provided by lipids and carbohydrates. The protein fraction is principally constituted by casein and immunoglobulins, whose role is fundamental for passive immune transfer to newborns.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sanitizers and the Sanitization of Hatching Eggs
The sanitization of hatching eggs is the backbone of the hygienic–sanitary management of eggs on farms and extends to the hatchery. Poultry production gains depend on the benefits of sanitizers. Obtaining the maximum yield from incubation free of toxic sanitizers is a trend in poultry farming. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bovine Respiratory Disease
Bovine Respiratory Disease is considered one of the most common diseases within the Australian beef industry. During the transitioning period of young cattle going into the feedlot system they experience multiple stressors such as environmental changes, dehydration, and fatigue. These stressors negatively impact on the animals’ overall health by markedly increasing physiological stress and decreasing immune response making them more susceptible to diseases, such as bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD).
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Method Used to Control Ticks in South Africa
Ticks are amongst the important ectoparasites where livestock are concerned, as they adversely affect the animals through bloodsucking. In tropical and subtropical countries, they transmit pathogens such as babesiosis, theileriosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis in cattle, causing a reduction in production rate and significant concomitant economic losses. Ticks affect 80% of the cattle population across the world, with an estimated economic loss of USD 20–30 billion per year. In South Africa, economic losses in the livestock industry caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases are estimated to exceed USD 33 million per year (ZAR 500 million). There are seven major genera of ixodid ticks in Southern Africa (i.e., Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus). The environment in which a tick lives is made up of all the various biological and abiotic factors that are either necessary or unnecessary for its life. 
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Heat Stress on Livestock
Climate change is receiving more consideration worldwide, and the impact on animal production is particularly relevant due to increasing demand and limitations to production. When predicted temperature/humidity increases as a result of climate change are added, the proportion of time that they are exposed to heat stress becomes more severe. It was concluded that the effects of heat stress are becoming critical for livestock production systems, especially during summer. Livestock responds to these changes by using different mechanisms to survive, but production efficiency is severely compromised by heat stress. Injury and death may even ensue if mitigation measures are not taken quickly. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Pig Sedation and Anesthesia
Anesthesia plays a crucial role in ensuring the ethical treatment of research animals and obtaining reliable and accurate data. Pig anesthesia is a significant aspect of clinical veterinary practice, especially when performing surgical procedures, diagnostic imaging, various medical interventions, and scientific research procedures. Proper anesthesia protocols ensure that the animals are kept unconscious and do not experience pain or distress, which is not only ethically responsible but also needed by regulatory bodies and animal welfare standards.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
‘Cow Signs’ in Assessing the Quality of Nutrition
Cow signs are behavioral, physiological, and management parameters that can be observed and measured. Cow signs can be used as a field approach to evaluate the composition of the ration, the quality of rumen fermentation, the quality of digestion, and the general herd health of cattle of interest. This research of cow signs associated with nutrition provides farm advisors, consultants, nutritionists, practitioners, and dairy farmers with an additional toolkit that can be used to improve the assessment of the quality of dairy cattle nutrition. ‘Cow signs’ are not to be used alone as a sole tool for assessment of the quality or nutrition of dairy cows. Some of the ‘cow signs’ are incorporated in precision technologies on many dairy farms and are extensively used in the assessment of dairy cow welfare, health, and nutrition. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vaccines and Methane Emissions from Ruminants
Ruminants produce significant amounts of methane during their digestive process, making livestock one of the largest sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gasses. Several solutions have been proposed to address this problem, including inoculation of ruminants against microorganisms responsible for methane synthesis in the rumen. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hepatic Enzyme Profile in Horses
For diagnostic purposes, liver enzymes are usually classified into hepatocellular and cholestatic. These two groups of equine liver-specific enzymes include sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). SDH and GLDH mostly reflect hepatocellular injury and cholestasis, while GGT expresses high values in biliary necrosis or hyperplasia. Likewise, AST, LDH, and ALP also reflect hepatocellular and biliary disease, but these enzymes are not liver specific. From the clinical point of view of the course of liver or biliary disease, AST and ALP are indicative of chronic disease, whereas SDH, GGT, and GLDH indicate an acute course.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Transboundary Animal Diseases of Viral Origin
The Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are highly transmissible epidemic diseases of livestock which have the capability for rapid spread to new areas and regions regardless of national borders. The TADs are a major threat to livestock of any nation as they have the potential to cause large-scale damage, staking the food security of the country, and can cripple the nation’s economy significantly by direct loss in the form of disease conditions and deaths in affected population or indirectly due to required counter epizootic measures, loss in trade and probable zoonotic transmission.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tibial Dyschondroplasia of Poultry
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a metabolic disorder that impairs bony and cartilage processes. It is common in broilers due to the consumption of thiram, especially in the industrial and agriculture zones. 
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Minerals and Mastitis in Cows
Inflammation of the mammary gland (mastitis) is an important disease in dairy cows. Among factors affecting the incidence of mastitis, mineral deficiencies are mentioned, since they strongly influence the immune system. Consequently, these deficiencies result in weakened immunity, which increases the risk of any infectious disease. The minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, selenium, copper and zinc) interact differently with the immune system; nevertheless, their deficiencies invariably increase the risk of mastitis occurrence in dairy cows.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genital Tract Microbiome of Cattle
The term microbiota refers to the entire population of microorganisms that colonizes a particular location and includes not just bacteria, but also other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoans. Cows have bacteria inhabiting the uterus even before calving and establish a unique endometrial microbiome within 20 min of calving where the microbiome is similar between cows that develop metritis and cows without endometritis until at least the second day postpartum.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Feb 2022
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