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Topic Review
miRNA-Based Therapeutics in DM
Myotonic dystrophy involves two types of chronically debilitating rare neuromuscular diseases: type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2). It is well documented that key clinical symptoms in DM are associated with a strong mis-regulation of RNA metabolism observed in patient's cells. This mis-regulation is triggered by two leading DM-linked events: the sequestration of Muscleblind-like proteins (MBNL) and the mis-regulation of the CUGBP RNA-Binding Protein Elav-Like Family Member 1 (CELF1) that cause significant alterations to their important functions in RNA processing. Recently, it has been identified that specific microRNA (miRNA) molecules display roles in endogenous modulation of the expression of MBNL and CELF1 proteins pointing to them as useful targets for the development of innovating therapeutic disease approaches by restoring normal MBNL or CELF1 function. Additional miRNAs have also been identified with potential use as therapeutic tools, through miRNA-based and miRNA-targeting drug development strategies, or as promising biomarker targets in DM.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries
Ischemia with no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is a relatively newly discovered ischemic phenotype that affects patients similarly to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) but has a unique pathophysiology and epidemiology. Patients with INOCA present with ischemic signs and symptoms but no obstructive CAD seen on coronary CTA or invasive coronary angiography, which can assess epicardial vessels.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress/Inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Oxidative stress (OS) has a potential key role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis by triggering the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). While exposure to many pro-oxidants usually induces nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor2 (NRF2) activation and upregulation of antioxidant related elements expression, respiratory viral infections often inhibit NRF2 and/or activate NF-kB pathways, resulting in inflammation and oxidative injury. Hence, the use of radical scavengers like N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C, as well as of steroids and inflammasome inhibitors, has been proposed. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be suppressed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Pharmacological NRF2 inducers have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the inflammatory response, and transmembrane protease serine 2 activation, which for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Osteoimmunological Disorders and Breast Cancer
The term "osteoimmunology" was first used in 2000 by Choi et al. to define a new paradigm describing the crosstalk between the immune system and osteoclastogenesis. The multiplicity of osteoimmunological disorders is due to the variety of stimuli responsible for the immune system activation.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Trans-Olecranon Fracture-Dislocations
Anterior dislocation of the elbow in which compromise of the ulnohumeral articulation occurs through an often complex injury to the proximal ulna
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma
Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive human malignancies, is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Whilst early detection of disease progression or metastasis can improve patient survival, this remains a challenge due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Importantly, these clinical challenges are not unique to humans, as melanoma affects many other species, including companion animals, such as the dog and horse. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny nanoparticles involved in cell-to-cell communication. As such, they may be valuable biomarkers in cancer and may address some clinical challenges in the management melanoma. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Phenotype in Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by loss of function of PKD1 (polycystin 1) or PKD2 (polycystin 2). The Ca2+-activated Cl− channel TMEM16A has a central role in ADPKD. Expression and function of TMEM16A is upregulated in ADPKD which causes enhanced intracellular Ca2+ signaling, cell proliferation, and ion secretion. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fibroblast Subsets in Colorectal cancer
CAFs are defined as fibroblasts surrounding malignant tumor cells and are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC). CAFs consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain CAF subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. However, attention needs to be paid to comprehensive characterization and reporting of the subsets being investigated in CAF studies to enable more precise identification and targeting of “unfavorable” CAFs in advanced CRC.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome-Related Oxidative Stress
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a cluster of at least three out of five of the conditions including central obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Patients diagnosed with MetS exhibit hallmarks of redox imbalance while oxidative stress is now perceived as both the cause and the consequence of MetS.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Baggio–Yoshinari Syndrome
Baggio–Yoshinari Syndrome (BYS) is an emerging Brazilian tick-borne infectious disease that clinically mimics Lyme Disease (LD) present in the Northern Hemisphere. LD is caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex and transmitted by Ixodid ticks of complex Ixodes rticinus. On the contrary, BYS is transmitted by hard Ixodid ticks of the genera Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Dermacentor. In 1992, the first cases of BYS were described in patients that developed EM rash, flu-like symptoms and arthritis after tick bite episodes. Since these findings, research in BYS has been developing for more than 30 years and shows that its epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial features are different from LD. Borrelia burgdorferi was never isolated in Brazil. In addition, specific serologic tests have shown little positivity. Furthermore, peripheral blood analysis of patients using electron microscopy exhibited structures resembling spirochete-like microorganisms or the latent forms of spirochetes (L form or cell wall deficient bacteria).
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pain in Persons with Disorders of Consciousness
In the practice of medicine, pain is often encountered consequential to disease and/or acquired brain injuries. A recent revision of the definition of pain has been proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), in which pain has been defined as “some unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.” Furthermore, pain is always a subjective experience, influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological, and social factors.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Epithelial Membrane Protein 3 (EMP3)
Epithelial membrane protein 3 (EMP3) is a tetraspan membrane protein overexpressed in isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type (IDH-wt) glioblastoma (GBM). 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Basic Properties of Iron
Iron is a vital nutrient, the deficiency of which is responsible for several symptoms of anemia. Iron is responsible for the regulation of several cell functions.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Breast Cancer
Recently, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of many types of tumors including breast cancer have emerged as a powerful tool for predicting drug efficacy and for understanding tumor characteristics. PDXs are established by the direct transfer of human tumors into highly immunodeficient mice and then maintained by passaging from mouse to mouse. The ability of PDX models to maintain the original features of patient tumors and to reflect drug sensitivity has greatly improved both basic and clinical study outcomes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phospholipase A2 Drives Tumorigenesis
Phospholipids are suggested to drive tumorigenesis through their essential role in inflammation. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a phospholipid metabolizing enzyme that releases free fatty acids, mostly arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids, which contribute to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting immune evasion, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and invasiveness. The mechanisms mediated by PLA2 are not fully understood, especially because an important inhibitory molecule, Annexin A1, is present in the TME but does not exert its action. Here, we will discuss how Annexin A1 in cancer does not inhibit PLA2 leading to both pro-inflammatory and pro-tumoral signaling pathways. Moreover, Annexin A1 promotes the release of cancer-derived exosomes, which also lead to the enrichment of PLA2 and COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, contributing to TME formation.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in COVID-19-Associated Hemostatic Disorders
By virtue of its anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, resveratrol would be expected to lower COVID-19-associated mortality, which is well known to be increased by thrombosis and inflammation.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain Proteins in Pulmonary Diseases
Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins are epigenetic modulators that regulate gene transcription through interacting with acetylated lysine residues of histone proteins. BET proteins have multiple roles in regulating key cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, oxidative and redox balance, and immune responses. As a result, BET proteins have been found to be actively involved in a broad range of human lung diseases including acute lung inflammation, asthma, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the identification of specific small molecular inhibitors of BET proteins, targeting BET in these lung diseases has become an area of increasing interest. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the beneficial effects of BET inhibitors in preclinical models of various human lung diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2023
Biography
Jean Cruveilhier
J. Cruveilhier was born on 9 February 1791 in Limoges, France [1]. For two centuries, the members of the Cruveilhier family were born and buried in Limoges. His grandfather Joseph (1726–1762) was a master surgeon and his father Léonard (1760–1836) was an important military surgeon, an attending surgeon at l’Hôpital Saint-Alexis in Limoges, and also a revolutionary Jacobin fanatic [2]. Hi
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus Translation Regulation
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus with an RNA genome of positive polarity. HCV replicates mainly in the liver and can cause liver disease, cirrhosis and cancer. Translation of the HCV RNA genome is regulated by the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) and other cis-elements in the viral RNA genome. The viral RNA usurps cellular ribosomes using a variety of viral RNA elements as well as by recruiting cellular RNA binding proteins. Here, we give a comprehensive overview over the determinants involved in the regulation of HCV translation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TP53 Pathway in Embryonic/Somatic Cells
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jun 2021
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