Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Hydrogen Addition
The addition of hydrogen in natural gas degrades over time the materials of transport and storage. This degradation depends on the ratio of hydrogen natural gas. After addition, several criteria need to be assessed: In the following, the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) effect on design, maintenance and surveillance of smooth and damaged gas pipes is presented.
  • 974
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twin System in Virtual Participation
Public participation is crucial in promoting built environment quality. Most studies on built environment participatory projects primarily use physical models (i.e., physical replicas) or 2D maps as tools to interact with the general public. The digital twin model and physical replicas have the common ground of simulating built environment changes and, therefore, assisting the decision-making process in environment optimization.
  • 974
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Controlled Environment Agriculture and Sustainability
Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) is one of the emerging agri-food technologies that has increasingly gained attention from researchers, practitioners, and consumers for its potential to make growing practices more sustainable. The term controlled environment agriculture was first introduced in the 1960s, referring to an intensive approach for controlling plant growth through the broad implementation of advanced techniques and innovations in technology. In this sense, CEA is not a completely new concept, as agriculture has witnessed a technological and functional evolution over the last century, from simple row covers in open fields to highly sophisticated indoor facilities where all growing elements are under accurate control. By controlling the growth environments and manipulating plant responses to their environments, CEA claims to offer advantages to increase production efficiency, optimise plant yield, and improve product quality.
  • 969
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Perception of Farm-Fed Anaerobic Digestion Plants
Anaerobic digestion (AD) plants undoubtedly represent an integral and irreplaceable element in rural energy transition and sustainable waste management.
  • 963
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Methods Used for Artificial Humification of Animal Wastes
Humification (HF) is the natural process of converting bioorganic matter into humic substances (humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin) via geo-microbiological mechanisms under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions. Humic substances (HSs) and their composition and concentrations mostly determine the basic properties of soils and play an important role in regulating the growth of plants and soil microorganisms and the accumulation and migration of metal ions, radionuclides, and ecotoxicants in soils. Various processes designed for the humification (HF) of animal husbandry wastes, primarily bird droppings, reduce their volumes, solve environmental problems, and make it possible to obtain products with artificially formed humic substances (HSs) as analogues of natural HSs, usually extracted from fossil sources (coal and peat).
  • 960
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Low-Carbon Behavior and Theory of Planned Behavior Framework
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) describes individual behavior and has been extensively utilized in studying pro-environmental behavior and low-carbon travel behavior (LTB). According to TPB, an individual’s behavioral intention is determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls, and behavior is determined by behavioral intentions. Attitude refers to an individual’s positive or negative attitude towards a certain behavior, subjective norm refers to the social pressure that individuals perceive to participate or not in a certain behavior, and perceived behavioral control refers to the degree of difficulty an individual perceives for a certain behavior.
  • 959
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioconversion of Corn Crop Residues
Corn is the fourth largest crop in the world, and its residues represent a potentially renewable feedstock for industrial lactic acid production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Different frameworks of bioconversion surged as alternatives for biomass disposal, which depend on the nature of the residue.
  • 956
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biopolymers in Aerobic Granular Sludge
Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology has been extensively studied and is used in wastewater treatment plants to remove biodegradable organic matter and to overcome difficulties with conventional activated sludge systems. It has been successfully implemented in many full-scale plants in locations around the world. AGS technology, in which biomass has a form of compact and dense granules, offers advantages over conventional activated sludge such as a high settling capacity, more effective sludge-effluent separation, higher biomass retention, tolerance to high organic loads and toxicity, the possibility of simultaneously removing nutrients, and adsorption of heavy metals.
  • 940
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cover Crops as a Soil Water Management Strategy
Cover crops can play a more prominent role in water management; however, the more widespread use of cover crops may be hindered by the inconsistencies of experimental data demonstrating cover crop effects on soil water retention, as well as cover crop effect inconsistencies arising from complex interactions between soil carbon, water, and land management. 
  • 940
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Sustainability of Smart City
The sustainability of smart cities involves more than the environmental dimension; it encompasses a series of criteria that should be used to define actions and strategies for urban development, e.g., electricity and water consumption, transportation systems, waste management, security, technology inclusion, and sociocultural development, among others. 
  • 935
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Quality of Energy Market Services
Environmental protection, sustainable development, quality, and value have become the goals of societal development in the twenty-first century. As the core of environmental protection, the new energy sector has become a widespread trend.
  • 930
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Phosphate Laundries Wastewater
Phosphate laundries wastewater, a phosphate rich effluent, showed an alkaline pH, highly turbid and rich in suspended matter and total solids. 
  • 927
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Factors in Expectation Confirmation Model
Bhattacherjee studied the continuance intention of online banking by using the ECM, which added the perceived usefulness variable in the technology acceptance model, and established a model for inspecting users’ continuance intention of an information system (IS). The ECM has four constructs: confirmation, perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and IS continuance intention. Among them, confirmation refers to the consistency between users’ expectations and the actual performance of the IS. Perceived usefulness refers to users’ expected benefits from using an IS. This construct is similar to performance expectancy in UTAUT, as both describe users’ perceived benefits from using an IS. Satisfaction refers to users’ feelings while using the IS. Finally, IS continuance intention refers to users’ intentions to continue using the IS.
  • 926
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CO2 Emissions in Buildings
CO2 is the most emitted greenhouse gas and is mainly produced by human activity. In fact, about 75% is emitted in cities and 40% of global carbon emissions is produced by the building sector.
  • 922
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Gasification Agent on Underground Coal Gasification
The underground coal gasification (UCG) technology converts coal into product gas and provides the option of environmentally and economically attractive coal mining. Obtained syngas can be used for heating, electricity, or chemical production. Numerous laboratory coal gasification trials have been performed in the academic and industrial fields. Lab-scale tests can provide insight into the processes involved with UCG. Many tests with UCG have been performed on ex-situ reactors, where different UCG techniques, the effect of gasification agents, their flow rates, pressures, and various control mechanisms to improve gasification efficiency and syngas production have been investigated.
  • 921
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Community Connected Microgrids
Renewable energy systems in the form of community microgrids, and grid-connected solar PV-storage are considered primary solutions for powering residential developments. The primary objectives for commissioning such systems include significant electricity cost reductions and carbon emissions abatement. Despite the proliferation of renewables, the uptake of solar and battery storage systems in communities and multi-residential buildings are less researched in the literature, and many uncertainties remain in terms of providing an optimal solution.
  • 920
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Towards the Commercialization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has become a promising energy conversion technology due to its high efficiency and low environmental impact. Though there are several reviews on SOFCs, comprehensive reports that simultaneously combine the latest developments in materials and integration strategies are very limited. This paper addresses those issues and discusses SOFCs working principles, design types, the fuels used, and the required features for electrodes and electrolytes.
  • 915
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Application of Copper-Based Antimicrobial Compounds
Copper-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) can control a wide range of plant diseases, such as grape downy mildew, citrus black spot, fire blight of pome fruits, walnut blight, potato late blight, stone fruit canker, coffee berry disease, olive leaf spot, and powdery mildew of many other crops. At present, not considering metal contaminants, CBACs are still at the forefront as the main pesticides sold in Europe.
  • 909
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Seaweed Biorefineries for Carbon Capture and Storage
Seaweeds are among the most important biomass feedstocks for the production of third-generation biofuels. They are also efficient in carbon sequestration during growth and produce a variety of high-value chemicals. Given these characteristics together with the relatively high carbohydrate content, seaweeds have been discussed as an ideal means for CO2 capture and biofuel production.
  • 909
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CH4
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to valued products is a promising way to mitigate the greenhouse effect, as this reaction makes use of the excess CO2 in the atmosphere and at the same time forms valued fuels to partially fulfill the energy demand for human beings. Methane, which is among the products of CO2RR, is regarded as a high-value commodity due to its high energy density of 55.5 MJ/kg. Moreover, the methane produced by the electrochemical reduction of CO2 is not emitted into the atmosphere and contributes to the greenhouse effect as the well-established infrastructure for gas pipelines, allowing for the seamless storage, consumption, and distribution of methane, rendering it a widely utilized component of natural gas. 
  • 907
  • 04 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 26
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback