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Topic Review
Self-Testing to Reduce HIV in Transgender Women
So far, the rate of HIV-positive people who do not know their sero-status is about 14% and the percentage is higher among transgender women (TGW). They represent one of the most vulnerable groups to infection. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be a way to reduce transmission of the virus. 
  • 670
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases
Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
  • 667
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Traditional Meat Products
Traditional meat products are commonly produced in small family businesses. However, big industries are also involved in the production of this kind of product, especially since a growing number of consumers crave the traditional taste and aromas. The popularization of original and organic products has resulted in a return to traditional production methods. Traditional meat products are produced worldwide. However, in such (domesticated) conditions there is a potential danger for mycotoxin contamination. 
  • 667
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Sodium Chloride, Migraine and Salt Withdrawal
Salt (sodium chloride) meets the criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence, including withdrawal in which the substance is used to relieve withdrawal symptoms. The premonitory symptoms of migraine include food cravings for salty foods, which can alleviate migraine pain. Edema, possibly related to large amounts of salt consumed in binge eating, can cause approximately four pounds of retained fluid. This amount of fluid is similar to the fluid retained before the onset of migraine headache, which may be accompanied by polyuria.
  • 666
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Application of Nanoparticles in Modern Cancer Therapies
Along with the extensive improvement in tumor biology research and different therapeutic developments, cancer remains a dominant and deadly disease. Tumor heterogeneity, systemic toxicities, and drug resistance are major hurdles in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, and surgical therapy are some prominent areas of cancer treatment. During chemotherapy for cancer, chemotherapeutic agents are distributed all over the body and also damage normal cells. With advancements in nanotechnology, nanoparticles utilized in all major areas of cancer therapy offer the probability to advance drug solubility, and stability, extend drug half-lives in plasma, reduce off-target effects, and quintessence drugs at a target site. 
  • 662
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Monkeypox Epidemiology
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) belongs to the Poxviridae species. In the Poxviridae family, the Orthopoxvirus gene contains two enclosed strands of virus DNA (replicating in the cytoplasm and not the nucleus) and is called the monkeypox virus (MPXV).
  • 659
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis and Sodium Toxicity
Salt intake is associated with multiple sclerosis; however, controversial findings that challenge this association rely primarily on methods that do not measure total sodium storage within the body, such as food surveys and urinary sodium excretion. In contrast, tissue sodium concentrations measured with sodium MRI confirm high sodium levels in multiple sclerosis, suggesting a role for sodium toxicity as a risk factor for the disease.
  • 659
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Human Behavior in Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection
P. knowlesi is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, which harbors the Plasmodium parasite. Previously, the disease was believed to occur only among the Macaca fascicularis and M. nemestrina monkeys, found largely in southeast Asia.
  • 657
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Health in Chile’s Constitutional Process
Chile is a high-income country in Latin America that faces great socioeconomic inequality and a segmented–public and private–health system. In response to the serious political crisis which took place in 2019, Chile’s political parties came together to deliberate on an institutional solution, attending to the social demands of fairness around several issues, such as pensions, health, and education. The result was the elaboration of the “Agreement for Social Peace and the New Constitution’’. In the process towards elaborating a draft for a new constitution, different mechanisms of civil participation were enabled, including the Popular Initiatives for Norms, an online website where individuals or collectives could submit proposals to be considered.
  • 654
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Opioids and Agricultural Industries
The rising incidence of opioid use and its associated aftermath have been deemed a public health crisis in the U.S. The term opioid encompasses prescription opioid medication (used to treat pain, most commonly oxycodone and hydrocodone), the synthetic opioid fentanyl (used for severe pain), and heroin (an illegal opioid in the U.S.). Given the potentially destructive nature of opioids and the importance of agricultural industries to the well-being and security of U.S. residents, it is important to gain a better understanding of the impact of harmful opioid use on agricultural industries as well as areas of need for resource and program development. Levels of opioid use and associated consequences vary tremendously by location even within a given state. Indeed, opioid use and associated issues tend to vary by urban and rural areas, with differing risk factors, consequences, and resources.
  • 651
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Probiotics on Depressive Disorders
Depressive disorders have a major impact on occupational health and are costly to the economy and the healthcare system. Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic micro-organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, can colonize the intestinal tract and confer health benefits on the patient. Numerous studies have described the potential usefulness of certain probiotic strains in the treatment and prevention of depressive disorders, with differing results.
  • 650
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Atmospheric Environment and COVID-19 Pandemic
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, the scientific community has been trying to clarify various problems, such as the mechanism of virus transmission, environmental impact, and socio-economic impact. The spread of COVID-19 in the atmospheric environment is variable and uncertain, potentially resulting in differences in air pollution. Many scholars are striving to explore the relationship between air quality, meteorological indicators, and COVID-19 to understand the interaction between COVID-19 and the atmospheric environment. COVID-19 and air quality, meteorological factors affecting the spread of COVID-19, air pollution, and human health are the main topics. Environmental variables have a certain impact on the spread of SARS-CoV-2, and the prevalence of COVID-19 has improved the atmospheric environment to some extent. 
  • 642
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Health Challenges of Military Personnel and Veterans
Military personnel and veterans meet unique health challenges that stem from the complex interplay of their service experiences, the nature of warfare, and their interactions with both military and civilian healthcare systems.
  • 639
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Blood Flow Restriction and Ocular Health
Despite the many health benefits of resistance training, it has been suggested that high-intensity resistance exercise is associated with acute increases in intraocular pressure which is a significant risk factor for the development of glaucomatous optic nerve damage. Therefore, resistance training using a variety of forms (e.g., resistance bands, free weights, weight machines, and bodyweight) may be harmful to patients with or at risk of glaucoma. An appropriate solution for such people may involve the combination of resistance training and blood flow restriction (BFR). During the last decade, the BFR (a.k.a. occlusion or KAATSU training) method has drawn great interest among health and sports professionals because of the possibility for individuals to improve various areas of fitness and performance at lower exercise intensities. 
  • 638
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses
Emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks are becoming more frequent due to increased international travel and global warming. These viral outbreaks impose serious public health threats and have transformed national strategies for pandemic preparedness with global economic consequences. At the molecular level, viral mutations and variations are constantly thwarting vaccine efficacy, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and prevention strategies.
  • 636
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Forests Exposure
Numerous studies have confirmed the positive impacts of real forests in areas such as stress relief. However, not everyone can visit forests easily. Virtual technologies offer new ways of experiencing forests for people who are hindered by real-life conditions and provide researchers with a manageable mode of study. 
  • 632
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Highly Occupied Public Environments
A minimum of 30 m3/h per person is required in common environments. Highly occupied public environments gather a large number of people in some time periods, and an air supply of 20–30 m3/h per person is needed. In addition, the highly occupied public environments have larger spaces, the personnel activities are more complex, and the social distance is shorter. Personnel activities may increase the pollutant transmission distance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, public safety in crowded places became a great concern.
  • 627
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Coping Strategies in Italian Teachers after COVID-19
Teaching is a mentally and physically demanding profession that can be a source of stress and burnout. The COVID-19 pandemic put further pressure on teachers who had to face sudden challenges, such as online teaching and difficulties in holding students’ attention in virtual environments. Research has demonstrated that the negative effects of stress factors on teachers’ wellbeing can be modulated by coping strategies. 
  • 627
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lifestyle and Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder and it is defined as the inability of a known quantity of insulin (exogenous or endogenous) to increase glucose uptake and utilization in an individual as much as it does in the healthy population.
  • 625
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after COVID-19 Infection
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly emerged as a global pandemic, placing imminent stress and burden on healthcare resources and workers worldwide. Many patients who present with a severe COVID-19 infection are at high risk of developing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to a vast number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and a high mortality rate. Similar to Middle East respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 demonstrates an initial viral replication phase that manifests as a variety of symptoms typically flu-like in nature, followed by a profound inflammatory response leading to rapid production of cytokines and uncontrolled inflammation. 
  • 621
  • 27 Apr 2023
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