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Topic Review
Holistic Conceptual Framework for Dietary Quality Assessment
Numerous dietary quality indices exist to help quantify overall dietary intake and behaviors associated with positive health outcomes. Most indices focus solely on biomedical factors and nutrient or food intake, and exclude the influence of important social and environmental factors associated with dietary intake. Using the Diet Quality Index- International as one sample index to illustrate the proposed holistic conceptual framework, this entry seeks to elucidate potential adaptations to dietary quality assessment by considering—in parallel—biomedical, environmental, and social factors. Considering these factors would add context to dietary quality assessment, influencing post-assessment recommendations for use across various populations and circumstances. Additionally, individual and population-level evidence-based practices could be informed by contextual social and environmental factors that influence dietary quality to provide more relevant, reasonable, and beneficial nutritional recommendations.
  • 717
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Housing Injustice
In the United States, there has been a long history of environmental injustice that disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities and low-income communities due to racially targeted policies and widespread discrimination. Environmental racism can be revealed in housing discrimination that perpetuates inequities in exposure to environmental pollutants. Biased credit and mortgaging practices such as redlining have led to housing segregation of racial and ethnic minorities in the USA, permitting policymakers to diminish and disinvest in these communities. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified housing instability for families of color, including Black and Hispanic/Latinx communities, putting them at increased risk for COVID-19 exposure. There is a need to investigate how environmental injustice intensifies the COVID-19 pandemic, illuminates racial and ethnic inequities in exposure to environmental contaminants, and fuels disparities in COVID-19 outcomes.
  • 717
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre and Colorectal Adenoma
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among men (after lung and prostate cancer) and the second among women (after breast cancer) worldwide, with approximately 2 new million cases (among both men and women) in 2020. Colorectal cancer is one of the few cancers for which a population screening program is in place practically all over the world. Fibre might play a protective role through several mechanisms, including physical mechanisms, anti-inflammatory properties and prebiotic effects. Results from two extensive and recent meta-analyses confirm the protective role of fibre on colon and rectal cancer risk
  • 716
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Viral Eco-Genomic Tools for Aquatic Biomonitoring
Enteric viruses (EVs) occurrence within aquatic environments varies and leads to significant risk on public health of humans, animals, and diversity of aquatic taxa. Early and efficacious recognition of cultivable and fastidious EVs in aquatic systems are important to ensure the sanitary level of aquatic water and implement required treatment strategies. In combination with bioinformatics techniques, genetic tools including cloning sequencing analysis, DNA microarray, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and metagenomic sequencing technologies are implemented to make informed decisions about the global burden of waterborne EVs-associated diseases.
  • 716
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HIA in Public Health Genomics
Public health genomics (PHG) is the area of public health ensuring that scientific advances in genomics (“from cell...”) triggered by innovative technologies are timely, effectively and responsibly translated into health policies and practice for the benefit of population health (“...to society”). Health impact assessment (HIA) is a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population. 
  • 711
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Reproductive Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles
Carbon nanoparticles have unique chemical and physical properties that make them an excellent material that can be applied in many fields of human activity, including industry, food processing, the pharmaceutical industry, or medicine. Although it has a high degree of biocompatibility, possible toxic effects on different tissue types must also be taken into account. Carbon nanoparticles are known to be toxic to the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive system, etc., and they also have a negative effect on reproduction and offspring development. 
  • 710
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
European Wild Carnivores and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotic resistance is a global concern that affects not only human health but also the health of wildlife and the environment. Wildlife can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotics in veterinary medicine and agriculture can contribute to the development of resistance in these populations.
  • 707
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change and Child Health Inequality
Geographical location, socioeconomic resources and intergenerational differences were explored as dimensions of inequality with regard to the increased risk of adverse health outcomes among children resulting from climate change. Definitions and descriptions of climate change and of child health in the reviews were explored as secondary themes.
  • 705
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Psychometric Properties of Suboptimal Health Status Instruments
Suboptimal health status (SHS) measurement has now been recognized as an essential construct in predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Currently, there are limited tools, and an ongoing debate about appropriate tools.
  • 703
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Educate the Public about Dental Trauma
Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of hard and soft tissues within and around the oral cavity are relatively common and occur as a result of accidents during sports or leisure activities, falls, blows by objects, interpersonal violence, and motor vehicle accidents. Appropriate actions taken immediately after a trauma have a great impact on prognosis and treatment options. Effective and efficient information about dental trauma seems to be essential and many tools can be used to educate layperson about TDI. 
  • 701
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a cancer mainly caused by asbestos fiber inhalation, characterized by an extremely long latency and poor prognosis.
  • 699
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, difficulty in controlling behavior, or such comprehensive symptoms, while children with ASD have apparent deficits in social communication skills and repetitive stereotyped behavior patterns. Despite significant differences in the core symptoms between children with ADHD and ASD, clinical studies have supported the similarity of the behavioral disorders, and the findings suggest that the two types of children not only have highly shared heritability, but also represent the performance of the same endophenotype and can be classified into the same diagnostic entity.
  • 699
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Prenatal BPS/BPF Exposure on Offspring’s Health
Pregnancy and lactation are critical periods for human well-being and are sensitive windows for pollutant exposure. Bisphenol A (BPA) is well demonstrated as a toxicant and has been replaced in the plastic industry with other bisphenol analogs that share similarities in structure and characteristics, most commonly Bisphenol S (BPS) and Bisphenol F (BPF). Maternal exposure to BPS or BPF can result in their accumulation in the fetal compartment, leading to chronic exposure and potentially limiting normal fetal growth and development.
  • 695
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Noncommunicable Diseases
Sleep is extremely important for the homeostasis of the organism. In recent years, various studies have been carried out to address factors related to sleep patterns and their influence on food choices, as well as on the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
  • 693
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effects of High-Altitude Mountaineering on Mountaineers
Nowadays, with the convenience of international traveling and driven by many individuals’ fond dreams of challenging high-altitude exercises, high-altitude mountaineering is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Therefore, researchers performed a meta-analysis to determine the effects of high-altitude mountaineering on cognitive functions in mountaineers before and after climbing.
  • 690
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
The Relationship between Phthalates and Diabetes
Since the beginning of their production, in the 1930s, phthalates have been widely used in the plastics industry to provide durability and elasticity to polymers that would otherwise be rigid, or as solvents in hygiene and cosmetic products. Taking into account their wide range of applications, it is easy to understand why their use has been increasing over the years, making them ubiquitous in the environment. This way, all living organisms are easily exposed to these compounds, which have already been classified as endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC), affecting hormone homeostasis. Along with this increase in phthalate-containing products, the incidence of several metabolic diseases has also been rising, namely diabetes. 
  • 685
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fatty Acids and Child Development Across the Globe
Malnutrition is prevalent in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), but it is usually clinically diagnosed through abnormal anthropometric parameters characteristic of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In doing so, other contributors or byproducts of malnutrition, notably essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), are overlooked. Previous research performed mainly in high-income countries (HICs) shows that deficiencies in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) byproducts (also known as highly unsaturated fatty acids or HUFAs) lead to both abnormal linear growth and impaired cognitive development. These adverse developmental outcomes remain an important public health issue in LMICs. To identify EFAD before severe malnutrition develops, clinicians should perform blood fatty acid panels to measure levels of fatty acids associated with EFAD, notably Mead acid and HUFAs.
  • 684
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Monkeypox in Occupational Settings
With ongoing climate change, which alters the conditions for pathogens and vectors, zoonotic diseases such as monkeypox virus will become a challenge and a great threat impacting global health in future decades. A current outbreak of monkeypox is occurring in over 125 countries, with a report of thousands of cases in countries where this virus has never appeared. Occupational exposure to the monkeypox virus has been identified as an issue of major concern for occupational health, especially in healthcare settings. A research following the PRISMA guidelines was performed, which analyzed the effects that the current monkeypox outbreak has in workplaces, given the potential exposure of healthcare workers to the virus, the possible spread of the virus in occupational settings, and the preventive measures that are necessary to implement. At the end of the selection process, 21 studies were included in the research. Healthcare workers are considered at a high risk, and similar preventive measures to those adopted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic must be implemented in all healthcare settings. The main recommendations for preventing and managing monkeypox in occupational settings are the vaccination of exposed workers, the prompt identification and isolation of infected individuals, and good hygiene practices. Education and specific training are necessary in non-endemic countries to make healthcare workers able to recognize the disease and prevent further contagions. Although monkeypox seems unlikely to reach the pandemic spread of COVID-19, an approach to global health even to avoid future zoonotic epidemics is required by all stakeholders. 
  • 683
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Health Effects of POPs In South Korea
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) usually originate from human activities and have been released into the environment for several decades. They are highly resistant to natural decomposition and can accumulate in an organism’s tissues and in all environmental components. Due to their unique characteristics, they have an ability to bio-magnify and bio-accumulate in animals, through the food chain and via inhalation, severely endangering the health of people. As reported, the exposure of humans to POPs causes various health problems such as cancers, diabetes, birth defects, endocrine disruption, cardiovascular diseases and dysfunctional immune and reproductive systems. 
  • 682
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The African Wastewater Resistome
In Africa, the prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)  in wastewater is of particular concern due to the inadequate sanitation and wastewater treatment facilities, coupled with the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in healthcare and agriculture. 
  • 678
  • 10 May 2023
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