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Topic Review
Red Blood Cells
Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood. Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell"). A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoing fragmentation, or a fragmented part of a red blood cell.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Better Delivery of Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (CBD) has substantial therapeutic potential, but its development as an effective drug by the pharmaceutical industry is hindered by intrinsic characteristics such as low bioavailability, low water solubility, and variable pharmacokinetic profiles. Potential avenues to overcome these issues with CBD include self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, improved crystal formulations and other solid-state delivery formulations, which are mostly in the pre-clinical or early clinical stages of development.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Callous and Unemotional Traits
Callous-unemotional traits (CU) are distinguished by a persistent pattern of behavior that reflects a disregard for others, and also a lack of empathy and generally deficient affect. The interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors may play a role in the expression of these traits as a conduct disorder (CD). A CU specifier has been included as a feature of conduct disorder in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lewy Body Dementia
Lewy body dementia (LBD, or Lewy body disorder) is an umbrella term that encompasses two similar dementias, both of which are characterized by abnormal deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein in the brain: The two conditions have similar features, may have similar causes, and can be viewed as part of a spectrum. As of 2014, they were more often misdiagnosed than any other common dementia.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Behavioral Addiction
Behavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (e.g., gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s. A gene transcription factor known as ΔFosB has been identified as a necessary common factor involved in both behavioral and drug addictions, which are associated with the same set of neural adaptations in the reward system.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Collagen Type I/III Turnover
The unique balance between the degradation activity of collagen specific MMPs and their natural tissue inhibitors indicates that TIMPs plays an important role in normal structural uterine changes during healthy pregnancy. Dysregulation of balance between MMPs and their TIMPs occurs in preeclampisa, leading to impaired fibrillar collagen type I and III turnover. This results in pathological changes in uterine structure and abnormal uterine ECM remodeling. MMP-1, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 are biomolecules, tightly involved in these processes. MMP-1, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 potential as preeclampsia biomarkers is very promising and possible clinical applications can hopefully be introduced soon.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Bad Breath
Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder. The concerns of bad breath may be divided into genuine and non-genuine cases. Of those who have genuine bad breath, about 85% of cases come from inside the mouth. The remaining cases are believed to be due to disorders in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, esophagus, or stomach. Rarely, bad breath can be due to an underlying medical condition such as liver failure or ketoacidosis. Non-genuine cases occur when someone feels they have bad breath but someone else cannot detect it. This is estimated to make up between 5% and 72% of cases. The treatment depends on the underlying cause. Initial efforts may include tongue cleaning, mouthwash, and flossing. Tentative evidence supports the use of mouthwash containing chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride. While there is tentative evidence of benefit from the use of a tongue cleaner it is insufficient to draw clear conclusions. Treating underlying disease such as gum disease, tooth decay, or gastroesophageal reflux disease may help. Counselling may be useful in those who falsely believe that they have bad breath. Estimated rates of bad breath vary from 6% to 50% of the population. Concern about bad breath is the third most common reason people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. It is believed to become more common as people age. Bad breath is viewed as a social taboo and those affected may be stigmatized. People in the United States spend more than $1 billion per year on mouthwash to treat the condition.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epidemic
An epidemic (from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time, usually two weeks or less. For example, in meningococcal infections, an attack rate in excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is considered an epidemic. Epidemics of infectious disease are generally caused by several factors including a change in the ecology of the host population (e.g. increased stress or increase in the density of a vector species), a genetic change in the pathogen reservoir or the introduction of an emerging pathogen to a host population (by movement of pathogen or host). Generally, an epidemic occurs when host immunity to either an established pathogen or newly emerging novel pathogen is suddenly reduced below that found in the endemic equilibrium and the transmission threshold is exceeded. An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic. The declaration of an epidemic usually requires a good understanding of a baseline rate of incidence; epidemics for certain diseases, such as influenza, are defined as reaching some defined increase in incidence above this baseline. A few cases of a very rare disease may be classified as an epidemic, while many cases of a common disease (such as the common cold) would not.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of COVID-19
The systemic manifestations commonly observed in COVID-19 patients include hypertension, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, cerebrovascular disorders, and diabetes mellitus). These clinical findings strongly suggest that the virus is targeting the endothelium. Here we report a systematic and comprehensive evaluation of the evidence showing that the endothelium is a key target organ in COVID-19, playing a fundamental role in its pathogenesis.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Invasive Saprochaete Infections
Saprochaete clavata and Saprochaete capitata are emerging fungal pathogens that are responsible for life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, particularly in the setting of profound neutropenia.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and RBPs
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a worldwide public health emergency. Due to the constantly evolving nature of the coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2-mediated alterations on post-transcriptional gene regulations across human tissues remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed publicly available genomic datasets to systematically dissect the crosstalk and dysregulation of the human post-transcriptional regulatory networks governed by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and micro-RNAs (miRs) due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We uncovered that 13 out of 29 SARS-CoV-2-encoded proteins directly interacted with 51 human RBPs, of which the majority of them were abundantly expressed in gonadal tissues and immune cells. We further performed a functional analysis of differentially expressed genes in mock-treated versus SARS-CoV-2-infected lung cells that revealed enrichment for the immune response, cytokine-mediated signaling, and metabolism-associated genes. This study also characterized the alternative splicing events in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells compared to the control, demonstrating that skipped exons and mutually exclusive exons were the most abundant events that potentially contributed to differential outcomes in response to the viral infection. A motif enrichment analysis on the RNA genomic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 clearly revealed the enrichment for RBPs such as SRSFs, PCBPs, ELAVs, and HNRNPs, suggesting the sponging of RBPs by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
ESKAPE Bacteria in the Dog
ESKAPE bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) are a group of common opportunistic pathogens associated mainly with nosocomial infections.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Drug Policy Reform
Drug policy reform, also known as drug law reform, generally refers to proposed changes to the laws and regulations that governments promulgate with respect to substances that have psychoactive effects or a real or perceived potential to be used for recreational or other non-medical reasons. Proponents of drug policy reform frequently argue that prohibition of recreational drugs—such as cannabis, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and hallucinogens—has been ineffective and counterproductive and that substance use is better responded to by implementing practices for harm reduction and increasing the availability of addiction treatment. Another reform proposed is to introduce a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for alcohol and tobacco. Proponents of drug law reform argue that relative harm should be taken into account in the regulation of controlled substances. Addictive or dependence-forming substances such as alcohol, tobacco and caffeine have been a traditional part of many culture for centuries and remain legal in most countries, though other drugs which cause less harm than alcohol or tobacco are entirely prohibited, with possession punishable with severe criminal penalties.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anorgasmia
Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.6 percent) than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopause. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hunger (Motivational State)
Hunger and satiety are sensations. Hunger represents the physiological need to eat food. Satiety is the absence of hunger; it is the sensation of feeling full. Appetite is another sensation experienced with eating; it is the desire to eat food. There are several theories about how the feeling of hunger arises. A healthy, well-nourished individual can survive for weeks without food intake, with claims ranging from three to ten weeks. The sensation of hunger typically manifests after only a few hours without eating and is generally considered to be unpleasant. Satiety occurs between 5 and 20 minutes after eating. Hunger is also the most commonly used term in social science and policy discussions to describe the condition of people who suffer from a chronic lack of sufficient food and constantly or frequently experience the sensation of hunger, and can lead to malnutrition.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wood Antimicrobial Behavior Test Method
Some wood species have antimicrobial properties and a variety of methods are used to investigate them. For testing the effect of antimicrobial compounds, direct and indirect methods are used. Meanwhile, the survival of microbes is also tested on surfaces (or material in contact with microbes) to validate the safety of surfaces.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Dengue and Chikungunya
Dengue and chikungunya are the vector-borne diseases, that are transmitted to humans by the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This study aimed to show the spatial and temporal distribution of those diseases in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region.   
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tuberculin
Tuberculin, also known as purified protein derivative, is a combination of proteins that are used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. This use is referred to as the tuberculin skin test and is recommended only for those at high risk. Reliable administration of the skin test requires large amounts of training, supervision, and practice. Injection is done into the skin. After 48 to 72 hours, if there is more than a five to ten millimeter area of swelling, the test is considered positive. Common side effects include redness, itchiness, and pain at the site of injection. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. The test may be falsely positive in those who have been previously vaccinated with BCG or have been infected by other types of mycobacteria. The test may be falsely negative within ten weeks of infection, in those less than six months old, and in those who have been infected for many years. Use is safe in pregnancy. Tuberculin was discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch. Koch, best known for his work on the etiology of tuberculosis (TB), laid down various rigorous guidelines that aided the establishment between a pathogen and the specific disease that followed that were later named Koch's postulates. Although he initially believed it would cure tuberculosis, this was later disproved. Tuberculin is made from an extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Overall Features of Transdermal Drug Delivery
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is an alternative approach that allows the drug to permeate through skin and enter the systemic circulation, minimizing or avoiding the limitations of oral and parenteral formulations.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Stages Detection Using DL
Sleep is vital for one’s general well-being, but is often neglected, which has led to an increase in sleep disorders worldwide. Indicators of sleep disorders, such as sleep interruptions, extreme daytime drowsiness, or snoring, can be detected with sleep analysis. However, sleep analysis relies on visuals conducted by experts, and is susceptible to inter- and intra-observer variabilities. One way to overcome these limitations is to support experts with a programmed diagnostic tool (PDT) based on artificial intelligence for timely detection of sleep disturbances. Artificial intelligence technology, such as deep learning (DL), ensures that data are fully utilized with low to no information loss during training.
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Jan 2021
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