Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Link Prediction for Global Plastic Waste Trade
China’s waste plastic ban has sparked a discussion about how the global plastic waste trade (GPWT) will develop in the future. GPWT has certain stability and sustainability; although plastic waste trade has narrowed under the ban, it still has the potential trend of reconnecting the same type of links. Specifically, from a regional perspective, the future trade of new plastic waste trade will be dominated by cross-regional trade. Plastic waste may continue to flow to countries in the Asian–Pacific, Middle East, and African regions, while European countries will strengthen the internal recycling and processing of plastic waste. From the perspective of the national income level, the establishment of the new relationship will show an evolutionary trend in which high-income countries are dominated and the scale of trade between non-high-income countries expands. In addition, the differences in the level of economic development, liner transport connectivity, and the proportion of mismanagement of plastic waste among countries has a positive effect on the establishment of a new relationship in the GPWT, while tariff rates have an inhibitory effect.
  • 774
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Green Finance in Economy and Renewable Energy Supply
Green bond investments have a positive impact on carbon reduction and renewable energy supply in the EU OECD countries, and cluster analysis of the European OECD countries indicated a positive relationship between economic performance and overall social and governance (ESG) risk.
  • 769
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Crowdsourcing Air Forwarders
Not yet commonly known or used by the totality of sectors, crowdsourcing has shown its huge potential in various projects and tasks usually processed by computers.Crowdsourcing focuses on “taking and outsourcing a job, previously done by a designated agent, to an undefined and large number of people via an open call”. Crowdsourcing could be seen as a conflation of the terms “knowledge of crowds” and “outsourcing”. Each crowd member can complete and be assigned a project. They get paid for their work. Crowdsourcing forms a very appealing project completion method for both enterprises and crowd workers, thus leading to development of the most known crowdsourcing platforms and service providers. The need for businesses to adapt to service model performing ridesharing same-day delivery services is a phenomenon known as “Crowdsourced Logistics”.
  • 760
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
High-Speed Railway and the M&A Behavior
High-speed railway (HSR) shortens the spatial and temporal distance between regions and has a profound impact on regional economy and enterprise decision-making. The opening of HSR promotes the M&A activities of listed companies, and the opening of non-intercity HSR has a more obvious effect on the promotion of M&A decisions of enterprises. 
  • 758
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency and Economic Policy
Reduced energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases are the results of increased energy efficiency. Additionally, energy efficiency measures can also promote energy equity by improving the accessibility and affordability of energy services for low-income and marginalized communities, leading to positive economic outcomes. Increasing energy efficiency can be accomplished in several ways, for instance, through the adoption of more effective technology, the modification of existing building designs, and individual behavioral shifts. Energy efficiency is crucial since it has been shown to cut costs, decrease emissions of greenhouse gases, and improve environmental conditions. Energy efficiency lessens demands for fossil fuels and the emissions that come with them by cutting energy consumption. It also aids in the preservation of finite and more expensive to extract natural resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Energy efficiency can also lead to lower energy bills; boosting people’s disposable pay in this way can boost the economy and lead to more job opportunities. Public health can also benefit from energy efficiency since it lessens the need for energy infrastructure such as power plants and transmission lines, which in turn reduces air pollution.
  • 758
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Co-Living at Its Best in Hong Kong
Co-living is often viewed as a shared rental housing arrangement, where common amenities are utilised collectively by tenants. This practice has been a long-standing tradition in high-density urban areas, particularly within housing estates where co-owners collaborate to make efficient use of space and resources.
  • 757
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Internet Development and Green Total Factor Productivity
The strategy of sustainable development is not only a long-term plan for the survival and development of the Chinese nation, but also an inevitable requirement for the coordinated economic and social development of all countries in the world. With the rapid development of new-generation information technology, the Internet may play an even more important role in the implementation of sustainable development strategies. 
  • 756
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Public-Private Partnership Unit
A Public-private partnership unit (PPP unit) is an organisation responsible for promoting, facilitating and/or assessing Public-private partnerships (PPP, P3, 3P) in their territory. PPP units can be government agencies, or semi-independent organizations created with full or part government support. Governments tend to create a PPP unit as a response to prior criticisms of the implementation of P3 projects in their country. In 2009, 50% of OECD countries had created a centralized PPP unit, and many more of these institutions exist in other countries.
  • 747
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digitalization and Energy in Attaining Sustainable Development
Digitalization significantly impacts energy consumption patterns, energy infrastructure, and the overall intensity of energy use. It represents a transformative force that can either increase energy demand through the proliferation of digital devices and data centers or decrease it through efficiency gains and smart energy management. The relentless advancement of digital technologies has the potential to significantly reshape the energy landscape as digital technologies become increasingly integrated into diverse sectors of the economy.
  • 744
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tourism Dynamics and Sustainability for Mediterranean Islands
Tourism may not sustainably support territories with limited natural resource stock such as islands. The volume of visitor arrivals and the industry investments can increase the pressure even beyond sustainable levels. There is an evident and unresolved tension between these two great polarities, sustainability and economic growth driven by tourism. 
  • 742
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Evaluating the Creative Economy by Contingent Valuation Method
The effectiveness of the economic policies implemented by a country/region directly affects its economic growth potential. Cultural Heritage Festivals are a sector of the creative economy that, by promoting culture, may have a significant impact on national/regional sustainable economic development. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is an appropriate method for evaluating festivals and suggest that females, spectators with high incomes and high educational levels, and visitors to Kalamata (non-residents) show an increased Willingness To Pay. These findings can be useful to cultural heritage festival organizers in developing appropriate policy strategies: targeting the social groups with the greatest Willingness To Pay; adjusting the pricing mechanism accordingly; modifying annual memberships/donations/sponsorships, indirect resources, and tax revenues and grants; and optimizing investments and allocating resources. 
  • 741
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Conceptual Economy
Conceptual economy is a term describing the contribution of creativity, innovation, and design skills to economic competitiveness, especially in the global context.
  • 740
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Use of Electricity Market Data in Nowcasting
Traditional forecasting methods usually rely on historical macroeconomic indicators with significant delays. To address this problem, new opportunities for economic modeling and forecasting are emerging by using real-time data and making nowcasting of economic activity. 
  • 734
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of COCZs on Sustainable Trade
Under the concept of “government-guided, enterprise-led, and market-oriented” operation, the Chinese Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (COCZs) have developed a new type of international production pattern, which has become an effective way for developing countries to integrate into the global production network sustainably. 
  • 734
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Monetary Policy Affect Bank Credit Supply to Enterprises
In order to develop the real economy and solve the problems of enterprise financing and lending, banks should increase their support for SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The People’s Bank of China introduced two direct monetary policy tools in June 2020, which are important for alleviating the financing problems of SMEs, improving the construction of financial support for the real economy and promoting the recovery of economic development.
  • 732
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Green and Renewable Energy Innovations
Taking into account factors such as unfavorable climate changes, shrinking fossil fuel resources, low energy efficiency, and the pace of population growth, the transformation towards green and renewable energy is one of the most important goals and challenges facing the world. The energy sector is the source of about 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and energy-related emissions are reaching new record levels. For the energy transition to succeed, innovation at the level of technology, business processes and policies (local, national, and international) are necessary.
  • 729
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Digitalisation and Business Success
Software investments can significantly contribute to corporate success by optimising productivity, stimulating creativity, elevating customer satisfaction, and equipping organisations with the essential resources to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing market. 
  • 729
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Property-Tax's Effect on Income Redistribution in African Countries
Tax plays an important role in the redistribution of income, and property tax is no exception. Although other taxes such as income tax play a more effective role in redistributing income due to their high revenue intake, property tax is a supporting tax to better achieve this objective for African countries. One key area that income redistribution curbs is the issue of income inequality, and, statistically, most African countries have a high level of income inequality due to their high Gini coefficient). 
  • 724
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Economics and Environment
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and society has gained the interest of academics and policymakers in recent years.
  • 721
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancers: Costs in Relation to Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Cancer represents a major health issue, concerning both the clinical burden (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and the consequent economic implications. With regard to the latter, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are often used to measure the burden of disease since they are a compound unit encompassing both disability and mortality, but substantial heterogeneity occurs when they are translated to monetary value. Each DALY due to cancer has shown to cost, on average, around 9000 USD in high- and upper-middle income countries, although this computation can be strongly influenced by fluctuations depending on cancer type and other parameters (e.g., country, prices). Moreover, the cost per cancer-related DALY has been found to be, on average, 32% (95% CI: 24–42%) of the corresponding countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which implies that the use of a priori established parameters, such as GDP or the value of a statistical life (VSL), might lead to presenting rough estimates highly different (even threefold) from what emerges a posteriori, after directly retrieving figures and/or building models out of available data.
  • 721
  • 27 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 18
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey