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Topic Review
Antibiotics and Their Impact on Bacterial Cellular Perturbation
Antibiotics belong to different classes of chemicals—including those of biological, synthetic, or semi-synthetic origin—and have selective modes of action. Based on their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial compounds are classified into two groups: bacteriostatic and bactericidal. Resistance is a natural adaptive tool that offers selection pressure to bacteria, and hence cannot be stopped entirely but rather be slowed down. Antibiotic resistance mutations mostly diminish bacterial reproductive fitness in an environment without antibiotics; however, a fraction of resistant populations ‘accidentally’ emerge as the fittest and thrive in a specific environmental condition, thus favouring the origin of a successful resistant clone.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Intellectual Disability and Physical Activity Participation Perceived Barriers
Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) tend to have a sedentary lifestyle, with low physical fitness and an increased risk of chronic diseases. One reason for the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle is the existence of barriers to participation in physical activity (PA).
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dental Implants in People with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Dental implants have a high survival rate in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Therefore, dental implants may be a viable treatment option for replacing missing teeth.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Headache
Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is a common and debilitating consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) that can occur over one year after the head impact event. Thus, better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and risk factors could facilitate early identification and management of PTH. There are several factors that could influence the reporting of PTH prevalence, including the definition of concussion and PTH. The main risk factors for PTHs include a history of migraines or headaches, female gender, younger age, greater severity of the head injury, and co-occurring psychological symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Thermal Comfort and Sleep Quality
Human comfort is determined based on their comfort level and overall satisfaction with the thermal environments. A stable core body temperature at about 37°C and maintained through a process that called Thermoregulation. In the process, the body would adjust to the thermal surrounding through efferent responses such as sweating or triggering adaptive action to be taken by each individual such as drinking water, having bath or etc. This is done so that are a certain level of comfort is reached in the cognitive process of a human that is called thermal comfort where comfort with surrounding temperature is archived physically, physiologically and psychologically.  Sleep is one of the most important aspects in daily life of a human being. It is classified into a few different stages, mainly Stage N1, N2, N3 and REM. This cycle alternates a few times during the whole sleep. An extreme cold environment would result in disrupted sleep quality as well as extreme hot environment. Thus, evaluating both thermal comfort and sleep quality are equally as important. In investigating thermal comfort with sleep quality, the method of questionnaire evaluation on the comfort of an individual have been the most used, since the thermal comfort considered as an individual perception. However, as the technology advances, other type of assessments are also used in addition to the traditional questionnaire evaluation method.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immunity Promotes Programmed Death of Individual Organisms
Over-activation of innate immunity in response to bacterial or viral (including COVID-19) infections, massive trauma, or ischemia/reperfusion often causes severe illness and death. We suggest that such severe outcomes may be manifestations of an altruistic suicidal strategy protecting the entire population from the spread of pathogens and from dangerous pathologies rather than aberrant hyperstimulation of defense responses. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Physical and Chemical Restraint
A consensus definition of physical restraint describes it as "any action or procedure that prevents a person’s free body movement to a position of choice and/or normal access to his/her body by the use of any method, attached or adjacent to a person’s body that he/she cannot control or remove easily." (Bleijleves, Gulpers, Cpezuti, et. al., 2013). Definitions for chemical restraints in long-term care have included ‘medication classes’, e.g. psychotropics, hypnotics, etc. however, without a consensus definition of which drug classes are considered to be chemical restraint, there is no consistency. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hypercoagulable State in COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with multisystemic manifestations. Studies either held on stable disease patients or during exacerbations, have demonstrated that COPD is strongly related to venous thromboembolism and cardiovascular events.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Preservation of Meat by Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains
Meat and some meat products are highly perishable due to their high-water content, pH, and high content of nutrients. Therefore, spoilage control in these products is one of the critical challenges in the food industry. On the other hand, the increasing widespread awareness about the undesirable effects of synthetic preservatives has promoted the breakthrough of the use of natural compounds or bio-preservation technology. Bio-preservation implies the application of microorganisms or their metabolites to extend the shelf life of food products. In this regard, according to the ancient and safe use of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), their application in the bio-preservation of meat and meat products is gaining more attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Options for Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a common pediatric generalized epileptic syndrome. Although it is traditionally considered as a benign self-limited condition, the apparent benign nature of this syndrome has been revaluated in recent years. Old and new therapeutic options in particular for resistant forms of CAE are discussed in this entry. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs)  are intact cells separated from the primary tumor or metastases and released into the peripheral circulation. They were observed and discovered for the first time in 1869 in the blood of a patient with breast cancer. CTCs mainly originate from solid tumors of epithelial origin (breast, prostate, colon, and lung). CTCs are nucleated and express epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) and/or cytokeratins (CK) in the cytoplasm without coexpressing the common leukocyte antigen CD45. It is known today that there is significant heterogeneity in cell species and surface markers, which represents a challenge in isolating all clinically relevant subpopulations of CTCs.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Chinese Exercises and Elderly
As the General Administration of Sport of China recommends, more and more people are choosing traditional Chinese exercies to exercise at home. This entry has been written based on the hypothesis that TECs have a positive effect on the blood lipid parameters of middle-aged and older people. This systematic review included 42 RCTs, with 6 TCEs with 2977 subjects aged 55 to 60 years, providing high-quality evidence of the effect of six kinds of TCE on blood lipids.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Heart Rhythm Complexity and PH
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive, complex, and fatal disease. It involves heterogenous etiologies and different mechanisms, and eventually leads to right heart failure. The mortality of PH patients is high even after contemporary treatment. A non-invasive and convenient tool can measure PH risk by assessing heart rate variability (HRV), namely, heart rhythm complexity analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mental Health in the Digital World
Mental health in the digital world means technology has been used to improve mental health, after the COVID-19 pandemic. Human beings are already in the mental health is health paradigm, without which everything else ceases to make sense or even to exist. Scientific events are essential for maturing and debating the science. As such, it is suggested a reflection on a paradigm shift that is taking place, which is mental health is also health. This change occurs, particularly in this post-pandemic context, and people try to reflect on how digital tools can be built to improve the population's mental health. The cost to society is quite substantial. It is the second leading cause of disability and premature mortality—an excellent opportunity for collaborative research between human-computer interaction and mental health professionals. Interdisciplinary feedback is so important; when people work only with professionals from the same field, this feedback is missing out.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics and Prebiotics Concepts
Probiotics are microorganisms which, if taken in sufficient quantities, contribute positively to the health of the host and are the focus of both scientific studies and commercial companies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Fiber Intake and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
 Dietary fiber intake reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmatic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Antineutrophil cytoplasmatic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of rare autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the vascular wall. The pathogenesis of AAV is strongly associated with B cell-derived ANCAs; thus, Rituximab (RTX) has become a promising drug in the induction and maintenance treatment of AAV.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Potential Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
The main host target receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is involved in maintaining blood pressure and vascular remodeling, and is expressed on adipocytes, other cells at mucosal surfaces, and in the vasculature, heart, kidneys, pancreas and brain.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sensor-Based Fall Risk Assessment
Fall risk assessment is a complicated process based on detection and analysis of factors leading to falls. Sensor-based fall risk assessment is a promising technology which uses sensors to assess risk of falls by analyzing factors like gait characteristics.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Glial Cells in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Ischemic stroke is the second cause of mortality and the first cause of long-term disability constituting a serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Approved treatments include thrombectomy and rtPA intravenous administration, which, despite their efficacy in some cases, are not suitable for a great proportion of patients. Glial cell-related therapies are progressively overcoming inefficient neuron-centered approaches in the preclinical phase. Exploiting the ability of microglia to naturally switch between detrimental and protective phenotypes represents a promising therapeutic treatment, in a similar way to what happens with astrocytes. However, the duality present in many of the roles of these cells upon ischemia poses a notorious difficulty in disentangling the precise pathways to target. Still, promoting M2/A2 microglia/astrocyte protective phenotypes and inhibiting M1/A1 neurotoxic profiles is globally rendering promising results in different in vivo models of stroke.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
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