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Topic Review
Effects of Cap-and-Trade Mechanism
Toward sustainability, the insurer explicitly captures the credit risk from the borrowing firms, participating in the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce carbon emissions, an essential issue of carbon emission and environmental protection when facing gray rhino threats. In addition, the energy economics and policy analysis are from the fund-providing insurer’s perspective. Green lending policies and life insurance policy loans (i.e., disintermediation related to insurance stability) are crucial to managers and regulators, particularly bridging the borrowing-firm carbon transactions for carbon emission reductions toward sustainability.
  • 402
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Investigating the Role of Renewable Energy Use
The impact of global warming on the economy, population and environment is one of the most pressing concerns of this era. Since the Industrial Revolution, human's increased dependence on fossil fuels has worsened both global warming and climate change. It is feasible to connect the rise of urbanization to both economic growth and the structure of that growth.
  • 397
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Transaction Network Structural Shift under Crisis
In 2008, the Lehman Brothers’ bankruptcy, accumulated from the global financial crisis, proved a unique role of the highly interconnected financial entities. Shocks in a bank might trigger loss, induce spillovers, provoke a contagion shock spreading to other entities, trigger the whole banking system to collapse, and ultimately unsettle the worldwide economy. The global financial market was stressed as worldwide investors tried to sell simultaneously, while banks were having trouble finding other financing sources. Banks’ liquidity problems, spread over the whole system, triggered the world financial market panic. The continuous failures spread in a short time, proving that the entities incorporated in the financial system are highly interdependent to each other. 
  • 396
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
ICT Diffusion Impact on the Shadow Economy
The primary factors that influence sovereign bond yields are typically domestic macroeconomic and financial fundamentals, as well as global factors such as international risk appetite and global liquidity, as indicated by a substantial body of literature. Credit ratings are widely regarded as a standard means of measuring a country’s financial risk and play a critical role in assessing its overall risk profile. Furthermore, international investors seeking to realize higher returns inevitably face higher risk and volatility and scarce relevant information when focusing on emerging markets. As a result, they turn to credit ratings as valuable indicators of a country’s capacity or willingness to meet its financial obligations. Hence, credit ratings can also be seen, as Cantor and Packer (1996) suggest, as a reflection or proxy of domestic macroeconomic and financial indicators. 
  • 391
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Determinants of E-Government Use in the European Union
Efficient governments, defined as those that provide digital public services and effectively support their citizens through modern tools and channels, can be the result of a variety of factors, including education, urbanization, infrastructure, and economic growth as measured by GDP per capita.
  • 388
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cancers: Costs in Relation to Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Cancer represents a major health issue, concerning both the clinical burden (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and the consequent economic implications. With regard to the latter, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are often used to measure the burden of disease since they are a compound unit encompassing both disability and mortality, but substantial heterogeneity occurs when they are translated to monetary value. Each DALY due to cancer has shown to cost, on average, around 9000 USD in high- and upper-middle income countries, although this computation can be strongly influenced by fluctuations depending on cancer type and other parameters (e.g., country, prices). Moreover, the cost per cancer-related DALY has been found to be, on average, 32% (95% CI: 24–42%) of the corresponding countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which implies that the use of a priori established parameters, such as GDP or the value of a statistical life (VSL), might lead to presenting rough estimates highly different (even threefold) from what emerges a posteriori, after directly retrieving figures and/or building models out of available data.
  • 388
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Electrification of Hydrocarbon Production Facilities in Underdeveloped Areas
The relevance of the technical and economic evaluation of options for the optimization of electrification projects of hydrocarbon production facilities is due to the growing need for the development of new fields in undeveloped and hard-to-reach territories. Development of new fields requires the construction of large amounts of infrastructure energy facilities, new solutions to improve energy efficiency, reducing capital intensity of projects, solutions to improve the efficiency of resource use in the circular economy, and the use of renewable energy sources (RES). Analysis of the technological directions of electrification of hydrocarbon production facilities proves that the low level of application of RES for energy supply purposes is due to the lack of experimental data on the implementation of this kind of project. 
  • 380
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
List of Countries by Distribution of Wealth
This is a list of countries by distribution of wealth, including Gini coefficients. Wealth distribution can vary greatly from income distribution in a country. See: List of countries by income equality. Higher Gini coefficients signify greater inequality in wealth distribution, with 0 being complete equality, whereas a value near 1 can arise in a situation where everybody has zero wealth except a very small minority. "The top 10 percent owned 71 percent of world wealth, and the Gini coefficient for the global distribution of wealth is estimated to be 0.804, indicating greater inequality than that observed in the global distribution of consumption or income."
  • 378
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Property-Tax's Effect on Income Redistribution in African Countries
Tax plays an important role in the redistribution of income, and property tax is no exception. Although other taxes such as income tax play a more effective role in redistributing income due to their high revenue intake, property tax is a supporting tax to better achieve this objective for African countries. One key area that income redistribution curbs is the issue of income inequality, and, statistically, most African countries have a high level of income inequality due to their high Gini coefficient). 
  • 376
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Unlocking the Green Economy in African Countries
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, marked by transformative technological advancements, has ushered in a promising avenue for green economic growth. This transition towards a low-carbon, environmentally sustainable economy has gained momentum across both developed and developing nations, driven by the urgent need to address impending climate change and its far-reaching consequences. Amid this context, the synergy between financial technology (FinTech) and the green economy emerges as a potential solution to the ecological challenge.
  • 375
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Urban–Rural Integration Empowers High-Quality Development of Tourism Economy
Urban–rural integration has become an effective way to promote the high-quality development of the tourism economy in China’s policy evolution. Urban–rural integration has a positive empowering effect on the high-quality development of the tourism economy as a whole, with the integration of urban and rural areas in the central and eastern regions playing a considerable role.
  • 373
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Economies of Scale and Sustainability in Local Government
Local governments may seek efficient public service delivery through scaling up production, and the quest for the optimal local government size has attracted extensive attention of scholars and policy makers. Indeed, if scale matters for local government efficiency, increasing size may be a key factor in achieving more value for money for citizens. As such, getting scale right may contribute significantly to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as set out in the 2030 Agenda. Nonetheless, there is considerable uncertainty with regard to how scale shapes the average cost of local government service delivery. These uncertainties may have contributed to policy makers and public organizations disregarding the often inconclusive and sometimes contradictory empirical evidence in stimulating and allowing mergers and consolidation in many Western countries.  This Special Issue is concerned with economies of scale in local government. Interesting issues to be addressed relate to the existence of general and service specific economies of scale and the implications of both for local government policy regarding various types of scaling (amalgamation, cooperation, and outsourcing). Based on a brief literature review, we inventory a number of issues which warrant further research. One of the conclusions is that the relationship between scale and sustainability is a complex issue with many aspects. Examples include the relation between economies of scale and outsourcing and cooperation, issues concerned with multi-level aspects of scale, and the trade-off that may exist between achieving economies of scale and cost efficiency (e.g., transition cost of mergers). Another conclusion is that no such thing as “one size fits all” exists. Different perspectives may play a role and should be born in mind when suggesting solutions and providing recommendations to achieve sustainable goals.
  • 370
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Regulation on Enterprises’ Green Innovation Performance
Environmental regulation has a positive impact on energy-intensive enterprises’ environmental innovation prospective, stakeholder pressure, and innovation capability, respectively. In turn, this has a significant impact on enterprises’ green innovation performance. Stakeholder pressure and green innovation capability to play an important role between environmental regulation and green innovation performance. It is better to promote enterprises’ green innovation prospective and innovation ability through environmental regulation to promote stakeholder pressure, in turn, that improve enterprises’ innovation performance. It is important to leverage these influencing factors to promote green innovation performance to achieve a carbon turning point.
  • 369
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Resilience Exist in China’s Tourism Economy
Since the 21st century, crisis events have been frequent and normalized globally, and improving resilience has become the key for the tourism industry to cope with various uncertainty risks. To reveal the reality of the economic resilience of tourism in China, this research employed the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) to construct a counterfactual function and integrated with the peaks-over-threshold (POT) model and geographical detector model to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of the economic resilience of tourism in China from the resistance and recoverability perspective, with a view to providing a reference for consolidating the resilience of the economic system of tourism in China and promoting the sustainable development of its tourism economy. The results showed that the economic resilience of tourism in China can be divided into four types—robust, self-reliant, laissez-faire, and fragile—based on a baseline resistance of −0.361 and recoverability of 0.342. Under different contraction–recovery cycles, the resistance and recoverability of China’s tourism economy have been progressively improved, transforming from the centralized model to the discrete model, from a fragile to a selfreliant type. The type of economic resilience of tourism in China exhibited a clustered contiguous development trend, with obvious zonal distribution characteristics and self-reliant tourism economic resilience areas dominating, but most areas have not yet formed stable economic resilience in their tourism sector. The ecological environment quality, government management ability, and technological innovation level were the main factors affecting the economic resilience of tourism in China. The interactions between different influencing factors were more significant in strengthening the tourism economic resilience.
  • 368
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Health Factors on GDP Growth
It is indicated that the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the health factors and GDP growth; however, in the short term, the variables are found to be in a state of disequilibrium.
  • 368
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Entrepreneurship and per Capita Output
The relationship between research and development expenditure (RED), per capita output, and entrepreneurship is a topic of much discussion among business leaders, policymakers, and researchers. Numerous research studies have established a connection between R&D expenditure and per capita output. 
  • 358
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Developing Forest Carbon Sinks for China
There is growing recognition of the role of forest carbon sinks in offsetting carbon emissions to reduce the threat of global warming. One example of this recognition is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-initiated Bonn Challenge which has committed to the restoration of 350 million hectares of forest by 2030, estimated to have the potential to sequester up to 14% of global carbon emissions.
  • 357
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Digitalisation and Business Success
Software investments can significantly contribute to corporate success by optimising productivity, stimulating creativity, elevating customer satisfaction, and equipping organisations with the essential resources to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing market. 
  • 356
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Impact of COCZs on Sustainable Trade
Under the concept of “government-guided, enterprise-led, and market-oriented” operation, the Chinese Overseas Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (COCZs) have developed a new type of international production pattern, which has become an effective way for developing countries to integrate into the global production network sustainably. 
  • 353
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Macroeconomic Effects of Energy Price in Korea
Under the double pressure of the Ukrainian–Russian war and the COVID-19 pandemic, the global energy crisis has also engulfed the Korean economy. According to an empirical study using the impulse response function, the results show that an energy price shock causes a decline in production, labor supply, capital stock, and energy consumption, as well as an increase in consumption, wages, the goods price level, inflation, and the deposit interest rate. Meanwhile, variance decomposition findings indicate that the energy price shock has a greater impact on the Korean macroeconomy than other shocks.
  • 344
  • 17 Aug 2022
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