Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Metaverse and Neurorehabilitation
The metaverse is a new technology thought to provide a deeper, persistent, immersive 3D experience combining multiple different virtual approaches in a full continuum of physical–digital interaction spaces. Different from virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), the metaverse has a service-oriented solid model with an emphasis on social and content dimensions. The fundamental innovations that could be brought about by the metaverse rely on the evolution of immersive experience and on the employment of multiple technologies—artificial intelligence, internet of things, blockchain, etc.—to facilitate the virtuality–reality interconnection by mimicking brain functioning. In particular, AI tools (i.e., deep learning) will bring insights into new treatment approaches, leading to a profound impact on personalized medicine for mental health conditions. The complexity of the metaverse is discussed, which could be considered the future of neurorehabilitation.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Taxifolin for Amyloid-β-associated Neurodegenerative Diseases
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has been closely implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the major causes of dementia. Thus, Aβ could be a target for the treatment of these diseases, for which, currently, there are no established effective treatments. Taxifolin is a bioactive catechol-type flavonoid present in various plants, such as herbs, and it exhibits pleiotropic effects including anti-oxidant and anti-glycation activities. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been extensively investigated, and it has emerged as an important regulator of synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, and differentiation. In addition, BDNF serves as a crucial molecular target for the development of drugs to treat neurological diseases. The synthesis and maturation of BDNF is a multistep process, starting with the formation of several precursor isoforms. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Brain
Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the basic function of mitochondria, although the landscape of mitochondrial functions is continuously growing to include more aspects of cellular homeostasis. Thanks to the application of -omics technologies to the study of the OxPhos system, novel features emerge from the cataloging of novel proteins as mitochondrial thus adding details to the mitochondrial proteome and defining novel metabolic cellular interrelations, especially in the human brain. We focussed on the diversity of bioenergetics demand and different aspects of mitochondrial structure, functions, and dysfunction in the brain. Definition such as ‘mitoexome’, ‘mitoproteome’ and ‘mitointeractome’ have entered the field of ‘mitochondrial medicine’.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Network-Based Drug Repurposing in Psychiatry
Drug repurposing offers a more efficient pathway compared with de novo drug discovery with lower cost and less risk. Various computational approaches have been applied to mine the vast amount of biomedical data generated over recent decades. Aligned well with the poly-pharmacology paradigm shift in drug discovery, network-based approaches offer great opportunities to discover repurposing candidates for complex psychiatric disorders.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection
Some natural products and molecules are very promising neuroprotective agents because of their structural diversity and wide variety of biological activities. In addition to their neuroprotective effect, they are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and often serve as a starting point for drug discovery.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Cerebrovascular Leak and Glymphatic Obstruction in Neurodegenerative Disease
New approaches are required to successfully intervene therapeutically in neurodegenerative diseases. Addressing the earliest phases of disease, blood brain barrier (BBB) leak before the accumulation of misfolded proteins has significant potential for success.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
IgLON5
In the brain, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical for neurite outgrowth, axonal fasciculation, neuronal survival and migration, and synapse formation and maintenance. Among CAMs, the IgLON family comprises five members: Opioid Binding Protein/Cell Adhesion Molecule Like (OPCML or OBCAM), Limbic System Associated Membrane Protein (LSAMP), neurotrimin (NTM), Neuronal Growth Regulator 1 (NEGR1), and IgLON5. IgLONs exhibit three N-terminal C2 immunoglobulin domains; several glycosylation sites; and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring to the membrane. Interactions as homo- or heterodimers in cis and in trans, as well as binding to other molecules, appear critical for their functions. Shedding by metalloproteases generates soluble factors interacting with cellular receptors and activating signal transduction.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Glymphatic System and Endocannabinoid System
The intricate mechanisms governing brain health and function have long been subjects of extensive investigation. Recent research has shed light on two pivotal systems, the glymphatic system and the endocannabinoid system, and their profound role within the central nervous system. The glymphatic system is a recently discovered waste clearance system within the brain that facilitates the efficient removal of toxic waste products and metabolites from the central nervous system.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neuropeptide S System
The Neuropeptide S (NPS) system was discovered by a "reverse pharmacology" approach in search for the endogenous ligand of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor. Its peptide ligand and receptor are mainly found in the brain. Effects on anxiety and memory have been described for NPS, as well as genetic associations of the receptor gene with asthma and inflammatory diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis
The microbiota–gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the “two-way” microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the gut and the brain. The modification of the composition of the microbiota destroys the bottom-to-top communication that ultimately influences brain motor, sensory, and cognitive functions, maintains brain homeostasis and/or contributes to the onset of pathological conditions. Elucidating the interplay between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, and the role of microbiota in neuroinflammation, will lead to a better understanding of many neurodegenerative diseases pathogeneses, and, hopefully, to the development of new preventing or therapeutic strategies.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
LRRK2 in Parkinson’s Disease
LRRK2 is a large (2527 amino acids, 286 kDa), multidomain protein, that bears two enzymatic functions: kinase and GTPase, and several protein-protein interaction domains. Numerous genomic LRRK2 variants have been repeatedly confirmed as pathogenic in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Inhibition of LRRK2 was shown to rescue neurite shortening caused by PD mutations in this protein. This entry discusses possible ways of targetting LRRK2 as potential treatment for PD.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Redox-Active Metals in Dopaminergic Neuronal Death
Biometals are all metal ions that are essential for all living organisms. About 40% of all enzymes with known structures require biometals to function correctly. The main target of damage by biometals is the central nervous system (CNS). Biometal dysregulation (metal deficiency or overload) is related to pathological processes. Chronic occupational and environmental exposure to biometals, including iron and copper, is related to an increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, biometals have been shown to induce a dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is still unknown, oxidative stress dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inhibition of both the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are related to dopaminergic neuronal death.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Bazedoxifene Acetate
Bazedoxifene acetate, BZA, a third-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is an indole-based estrogen receptor ligand currently used to prevent and treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Aspirin Therapy, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia
Dementia is associated with a greater burden of cardiovascular risk factors. There is a significant vascular contribution to dementia, and aspirin may play a role in targeting this vascular dysregulation via its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. Aspirin has effects on the primary prevention of cognitive impairment and various subtypes of dementia, as well as its role in cognitive decline in certain subsets of patients, including those with cerebral small vessel disease (CVSD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and gender differences. Overall, the benefits of aspirin in preventing dementia and cognitive decline remain inconclusive. The majority of cohort studies investigating aspirin’s role in preventing cognitive decline or dementia looked promising, but this was not supported in most randomised controlled trials.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Marine Polyphenols Involved in Neuroprotective Activity
Polyphenols are beneficial natural compounds with antioxidant properties that have recently gain a lot of interest for their potential therapeutic applications. Marine polyphenols derived from marine macroalgae have been discovered to possess interesting antioxidant properties; therefore, these compounds can be included in several areas of drug development.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Animal Prion Diseases
Prion is defined as a “proteinaceous infectious particle” consisting exclusively of a single protein without the involvement of nucleic acids that causes spongiform encephalopathies in mammals. Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal isoforms of PrP glycoprotein.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
MSC-Based Therapies in Post-Acute Neurological COVID Syndrome
One of the main concerns related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is the symptoms that could be developed by survivors, known as long COVID, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms beyond the acute phase of the infection. This syndrome has emerged as a complex and debilitating condition with a diverse range of manifestations affecting multiple organ systems. It is increasingly recognized for affecting the Central Nervous System, in which one of the most prevalent manifestations is cognitive impairment. The search for effective therapeutic interventions has led to growing interest in Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-based therapies due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerative properties.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Ataxia-Telangiectasia
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is, as the name implies, mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). This protein has its “finger in many pies”, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many thousands of proteins in different signaling pathways in its role in protecting the cell against a variety of different forms of stress that threaten to perturb cellular homeostasis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota for Precision Psychiatry in Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly disabling condition with a chronic and relapsing nature. Despite the substantial socioeconomic burden associated with BD, there are still significant research gaps in risk stratification, diagnostic accuracy, and treatment selection, all key components of precision psychiatry. One possible strategy to increase the validity of precision psychiatry approaches in BD is to increase the knowledge of disorder-associated gut microbiota perturbations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 54
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback