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Topic Review
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND COVID19
The mankind of 2020 century are facing a treamendous challange against Covid19 /  SARS-COV-2 infection . Widespread viral stunt of spreading followed by death are encasulating the whole world including China , U.S , Brazil , Africa , U.K , USSR , Middle East and finally India . On the pandemic face of Corona Virus Chemical Engineers are having many scopes to serve the following areas of specialisations . 1. SAFETY , HEALTH , ENVIRONMENT ( SHE & Public Health ) 2. Molecuar Simulation of newer antivirals with the help of Engineering Mathemations as well as Computation . 3. Emergency Planning including Personnel Protective Equipments ( PPE ) , Health Statistics Record . 4. Scope to scale-up the vaccine production 5. Global economic crunch associated with Crude oil crisis during this pandemic .      
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
This entry analyzed the different roles of nanomaterials, such as contrast agent and dose enhancer, in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy. Moreover, the review discussed the underlying mechanisms of nanomaterials including physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Some new applications of nanomaterials as theranostic agents are explored. Through a thorough understanding of the recent advances in nanomaterial application in biomedical imaging and cancer therapy, we identified new directions for the optimization and clinical transformation of nanomaterials.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Wnt Pathway: A Tailored Target
Cancer represents one of the greatest public health challenges. One of the most cancer-driving events embodies the dysregulation of both the canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The impact of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been widely reviewed in colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancers.  Genetic and epigenetic alterations are commonly detected in colorectal cancers (CRCs). As a matter of fact, 70% of CRCs are connoted by the APC mutations and almost all patients display an overactive Wnt/β-catenin pathway also mediated by oncogenic miRNAs. Therefore, miRNAs have been proposed as anti-cancer and/or diagnostic/prognostic tools. Among cancers, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most expensive health care costs with a high rate of diagnosis and deaths per year. The Wnt/β-catenin cascade and in particular the β-catenin content has been correlated with a dismal prognosis, high tumour grade, and metastasis formation. In addition in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) both the canonical and the non-canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathways have been reported as drivers of cancer dissemination, aggressiveness, early age of onset, and poor outcome. To add further complexity, the Wnt5a ligand was found to display both anti-tumour and tumour promoting properties depending on the tumour microenvironment (TME), the activation of specific signalling pathways, and the receptor availability in BC.  Likewise, an abnormal Wnt/β-catenin cascade has been shown to strongly contribute to ovarian cancer (OC) growth, stemness, and drug resistance.  In the last decades, particular attention has been dedicated to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released in the TME in cancer growth and progression. EVs are heterogeneous small membrane-bound carriers with a complex cargo contributing to cell-to-cell communication, tumour growth, invasion, and chemoresistance. Since EVs can be detected in the majority of biological fluids and in the TME, EVs have been proposed as diagnostic and/or prognostic tools, as well as useful therapeutic options. Indeed, EVs engineered with specific anti-tumour molecules or loaded with conventional anti-tumour drugs have been proposed as novel anti-cancer options. Based on these notions, in the last decades, Wnt/β catenin targeting approaches have been explored to hinder tumour expansion. However so far, the most relevant limitation relies on the crucial role played by the Wnt/β catenin cascade in tissue homeostasis. Therefore, to develop targeting approaches the identification of the specific EV cargo driving tumour progression and the mechanisms accounting for the unbalanced Wnt/β catenin pathway in cancer should be considered as the most challenging issues.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oncolytic Reovirus
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a “one size fits all” approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Robinow Syndrome
Robinow syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the development of many parts of the body, particularly the skeleton.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pharmacogenetic Testing
Pharmacogenomics is a study of how the genome background is associated with drug resistance and how therapy strategy can be modified for a certain person to achieve benefit. The pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing becomes of great opportunity for physicians to make the proper decision regarding each non-trivial patient that does not respond to therapy. Although pharmacogenomics has become of growing interest to the healthcare market during the past five to ten years the exact mechanisms linking the genetic polymorphisms and observable responses to drug therapy are not always clear. Therefore, the success of PGx testing depends on the physician’s ability to understand the obtained results in a standardized way for each particular patient. The review aims to lead the reader through the general conception of PGx and related issues of PGx testing efficiency, personal data security, and health safety at a current clinical level.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Connexin-43
Cardiac connexin-43 (Cx43) creates gap junction channels (GJCs) at intercellular contacts and hemi-channels (HCs) at the peri-junctional plasma membrane and sarcolemmal caveolae/rafts compartments.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Diarylureas with Antimicrobial Activity
Diarylureas are tyrosine kinase inhibitors well known in the art as anticancer agents, which might be useful tools for a reposition as antimicrobials.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Primary Immunodeficiencies
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that are mostly caused by genetic mutations affecting immune host defense and immune regulation. Although IEI present with a wide spectrum of clinical features, in about one third of them various degrees of gastrointestinal (GI) involvement have been described and for some IEI the GI manifestations represent the main and peculiar clinical feature. The microbiome plays critical roles in the education and function of the host’s innate and adaptive immune system, and imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions can contribute to intestinal pathogenesis. Microbial dysbiosis combined to the impairment of immunosurveillance and immune dysfunction in IEI, may favor mucosal permeability and lead to inflammation. Here we review how immune homeostasis between commensals and the host is established in the gut, and how these mechanisms can be disrupted in the context of primary immunodeficiencies. Additionally, we highlight key aspects of the first studies on gut microbiome in patients affected by IEI and discuss how gut microbiome could be harnessed as a therapeutic approach in these diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
DNA Damage and Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy characterized by genomic instability. MM cells present various forms of genetic instability, including chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and base-pair alterations, as well as changes in chromosome number. The tumor microenvironment and an abnormal DNA repair function affect genetic instability in this disease. In addition, states of the tumor microenvironment itself, such as inflammation and hypoxia, influence the DNA damage response, which includes DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptotic pathways. Unrepaired DNA damage in tumor cells has been shown to exacerbate genomic instability and aberrant features that enable MM progression and drug resistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Dynamic Contrast Enhanced-MR CEST Urography
Upper urinary tract obstructions (UTOs) are blockages that inhibit the flow of urine through its normal course, leading to impaired kidney function. Imaging plays a significant role in the initial diagnosis of UTO, with anatomic imaging (primarily ultrasound (US) and non-contrast computed tomography (CT)) serving as screening tools for the detection of the dilation of the urinary collecting systems (i.e., hydronephrosis). Whether hydronephrosis represents UTO or a non-obstructive process is determined by functional imaging (typically nuclear medicine renal scintigraphy). If these exams reveal evidence of UTO but no discernable source, multiphase contrast enhanced CT urography and/or dynamic contrast enhanced MR urography (DCE-MRU) may be performed to delineate a cause. These are often performed in conjunction with direct ureteroscopic evaluation. While contrast-enhanced CT currently predominates, it can induce renal injury due to contrast induced nephropathy (CIN), subject patients to ionizing radiation and is limited in quantifying renal function and establishing the extent to which hydronephrosis is due to functional obstruction. Traditional MRI is similarly limited in its ability to quantify function. DCE-MR CEST urography is a promising alternative, employing new MRI contrast agents and imaging schemes and allowing for concurrent assessment of renal anatomy and functional parameters. We highlight clinical challenges in the diagnosis and management of UTO,identify key advances in imaging agents and techniques for DCE-MR CEST urography and provide perspective on how this technique may evolve in clinical importance.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting a distinct pattern of neuropathological changes associated with repetitive head trauma leading to increased risk of long-term memory and cognition issues.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Carbamazepine to Treat Bipolar Disorder
Carbamazepine and its derivatives all appear to have stronger efficacy in treating acute mania than depression, which also translates to better protection against manic than depressive relapses for carbamazepine. Still, there is a paucity of controlled acute studies on bipolar depression for all and, with the exception of carbamazepine, a lack of long-term monotherapy maintenance data. For eslicarbazepine, the efficacy in bipolar disorder remains largely unknown. Especially with carbamazepine, tolerability issues and drug–drug interactions need to be kept in mind.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
River Buffalo Meat
Buffaloes are reared for different purposes, primarily for milk and dairy products. Meat is often a secondary product and mainly derives from old animals at the end of their productive or working life. However, in recent years buffalo meat has gained increased popularity due to its nutritional properties. Therefore, a huge economic potential might arise from the development of the meat sector in buffalo breeding. This entry provides an overview of the recent advances in the knowledge on river buffalo meat, with a special focus on quality traits, and offers insights for future research aimed at improving the meat sector in this species. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drag Reduction Using Additives
Reduction of fluid resistance using the rheological characteristics of a polymer-surfactant solvent is research that contains many aspects, such as the theory of the drag reduction process, historical journey, and ongoing current research development. Many studies have been conducted, but it is challenging to know all existing and new research threads. The present investigation was conducted using literature studies regarding drag reducing agents. This research will also discuss the characteristics of flowing fluids and their effects on the velocity profile with friction factor of flowing fluids in smooth circular straight pipe geometries based on experimental, theoretical approaches. It concludes with aspects of research conducted around reducing drag using drag reducing agents, ideas about innovations, structuring overlook in testing, and modification of the fluid flow state. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Resilience in the Cyberworld
Resilience is a feature that is gaining more and more attention in computer science and computer engineering. However, the definition of resilience for the cyber landscape, especially embedded systems, is not yet clear. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cerebrospinal Fluid microRNAs
Currently it is difficult to predict the outcome of spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases diagnosed in the early stages. These difficulties can be solved with the help of biomarkers - molecules that play an important role in these pathological processes. Small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs have the potential to act as biomarkers. Micro-RNAs are short RNAs of ~ 22 nucleotides, which are not translated into proteins, but instead act directly to regulate the translation of protein coding messenger RNAs. Isolation of microRNAs from biological fluids, in particular CSF, is problematic. As such, our work focuses on the methodological aspects as well as reviewing both the animal and patient studies used to determine potential miRNA biomarkers. In addition, we propose possible solutions for the existing technical problems.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radionuclide Development
In the field of radionuclide development, the continual changing of clinically used radionuclides, which is sometimes influenced by instrumentation technology but also driven by availability, patient safety and clinical questions. Some areas, such as tumour imaging, have faced challenges when changing radionuclides based on availability, when this produced undesirable clinical findings with the introduction of unclear focal uptakes and unspecific uptakes.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Biotechnology and Cytotherapeutics:The Swiss Progenitor-Cell Transplantation Program
Historically, primary human progenitor cells (e.g., WI-38 and MRC-5 diploid-cell sources) have been industrially applied in research and in manufacturing processes for vaccines and for biologicals. Furthermore, tissue-specific primary progenitor-cell banks have recently been developed and exploited for the provision of safe, consistent, and effective cellular active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in homologous allogeneic regenerative medicine applications. Notably, the modern legal and regulatory frameworks for novel therapeutic products and for progenitor-cell therapy development have been iteratively optimized to guarantee utmost product safety, quality, and efficacy. Over 50 years of global technical hindsight around progenitor-cell biotechnological substrates and over 30 years of in-house clinical experience around the therapeutic uses of standardized progenitor-cell sources in Switzerland have demonstrated the importance of such biological materials for public health. The aim of this entry work was to summarize the evolution of the industrial applications of selected primary progenitor-cell sources, ranging from the use as robust biotechnological substrates to standardized cellular API manufacture and their clinical uses in highly specialized regenerative medicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plant Tissue Culture of Laelia Species
Laelia orchids are cultivated by their splendid flowers and also widely used in orchid breeding. Plant tissue culture (PTC), defined as the aseptic culture of cells, organs, and their components under controlled in vitro conditions, is a biotechnological tool that has been successfully applied to recovery, conservation and clonal propagation of plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Feb 2022
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