Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Soil Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive soil bacterium that belongs to the phylum Firmicutes and the genus Bacillus. It is a spore-forming bacterium. During sporulation, it produces a wide range of crystalline proteins that are toxic to different orders of insects. Sporulation, structure assembly, and germination are essential stages in the cell cycle of B. thuringiensis. The majority of studies on these issues have focused on the model organism Bacillus subtilis, followed by Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. The machinery for sporulation and germination extrapolated to B. thuringiensis. However, in the light of the findings concerning the role of the sporulation proteins (SPoVS), the germination receptors (Gr), and the cortical enzymes in Bt, the theory strengthened that conservation in sporulation, structure assembly, and germination programs drive the survival and success of B. thuringiensis in the environment and the insect host. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanoplastics Toxicity Specific to Liver
Plastic pollution in the world is widespread and growing. The environment is swamped with nanoplastics (<100 nm), and the health consequences of these less visible pollutants are unknown. Furthermore, there is evidence that microplastics can release nanoplastics by digestive disintegration, implying that macroplastic exposure can cause direct and indirect disease via nanoplastics. Nanoplastics enters an organism through the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tract where they accumulate into the liver through blood circulation via absorption, or epidermal infiltration. It is stated that macroplastics can cause damage directly at the site of exposure, whereas nanoplastics can influence the liver, causing subsequent damage to other organs. Multi-organ dysfunction is brought on by liver changes, and nanoplastics can readily enter the gut-liver axis and disturb the gut microflora. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Neurological Implications and Therapeutic Potential of L-serine
L-serine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a vital role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, development, and sphingolipid formation in the central nervous system. It exerts its effects through the activation of glycine receptors and upregulation of PPAR-γ, resulting in neurotransmitter synthesis, neuroprotection, and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Types of Histone Post-Translational Modifications
Abiotic stresses profoundly alter plant growth and development, resulting in yield losses. Plants have evolved adaptive mechanisms to combat these challenges, triggering intricate molecular responses to maintain tissue hydration and temperature stability during stress. A pivotal player in this defense is histone modification, governing gene expression in response to diverse environmental cues. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone tails, including acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, regulate transcription, DNA processes, and stress-related traits.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Puppets for Autistic Teenagers
The benefits of puppetry for children in therapeutic and educational contexts are well established, with puppets shown to have improved children’s learning, their relationships with adults and other children, and their self-confidence and communication. Adding to this research is an emerging body of evidence that shows the many benefits of puppets for autistic children both as a form of early intervention and as a teaching strategy in the early years of schooling.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dinoflagellate Phycotoxins
Dinoflagellates are single-celled eukaryotes constitute an important group of phytoplanktons, characterized by two dissimilar flagella and distinctive features of both plants and animals.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Non-Vesicular Release of Alarmin Prothymosin α Complex
Nuclear protein prothymosin α (ProTα) is a unique member of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)/alarmins. ProTα prevents neuronal necrosis by causing a cell death mode switch in serum-starving or ischemic/reperfusion models in vitro and in vivo. The ANXA2 flop-out-type non-vesicular release of ProTα is a unique mechanism and, it looks distinct from known mechanisms through the membrane pores made of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) pores.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Heme Oxygenase-1 in Central Nervous System Malignancies
Central nervous system tumors are the most common pediatric solid tumors and account for 20–25% of all childhood malignancies. Several lines of evidence suggest that brain tumors show altered redox homeostasis that triggers the activation of various survival pathways, leading to disease progression and chemoresistance. Among these pathways, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays an important role. HO-1 catalyzes the enzymatic degradation of heme with the simultaneous release of carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and biliverdin. The biological effects of HO-1 in tumor cells have been shown to be cell-specific since, in some tumors, its upregulation promotes cell cycle arrest and cellular death, whereas, in other neoplasms, it is associated with tumor survival and progression. Since HO-1 overexpression is involved in the development and resistance of brain tumors to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, further researchers are needed to evaluate the possible use of HO -1 as strategy to improve the outcome of well-established therapeutic regimens.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Chemical Changes in Atherosclerosis
Fiberoptic Raman spectroscopy and Raman microscopy were used to investigate alterations in the aorta wall and the surrounding perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the murine model of atherosclerosis (Apoe-/-/Ldlr-/- mice). Both abdominal and thoracic parts of the aorta were studied to account for the heterogenic chemical composition of aorta and its localization-dependent response in progression of atherosclerosis. The average Raman spectra obtained for both parts of aorta cross sections revealed that the chemical composition of intima-media layers along aorta remains relatively homogeneous while the lipid content in the adventitia layer markedly increases with decreasing distance to PVAT. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the increase of the lipid to protein ratio in the aorta wall correlates directly with the increased unsaturation level of lipids in PVAT and these changes occur only in the abdominal, but not in thoracic, aorta. In summary, distinct pathophysiological response in the aortic vascular wall could be uncovered by fiber optic Raman spectroscopy based on simple parameters detecting chemical contents of lipids in PVAT.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Sensor Particles
Micro and nanoparticles are not only understood as components of materials but as small functional units too. Particles can be designed for the primary transduction of physical and chemical signals and, therefore, become a valuable component in sensing systems. Due to their small size, they are particularly interesting for sensing in microfluidic systems, in microarray arrangements and in miniaturized biotechnological systems and microreactors, in general. Here, an overview of the recent development in the preparation of micro and nanoparticles for sensing purposes in microfluidics and application of particles in various microfluidic devices is presented. The concept of sensor particles is particularly useful for combining a direct contact between cells, biomolecules and media with a contactless optical readout. In addition to the construction and synthesis of micro and nanoparticles with transducer functions, examples of chemical and biological applications are reported.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral mucositis
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common side effect of cancer therapies. It causes ulcerative, painful lesions in the oral cavity that can provoke malnutrition, increased risk of infection, longer hospital stays, and seriously affect the quality of life. Cooling the mucosa with oral cryotherapy (OC) during and/or after chemotherapy is the most accessible and tolerable intervention available. The aim of this study is to define the efficacy of OC for preventing OM induced by chemotherapy/radiotherapy in adult patients with cancer. Secondary endpoints include associated problems as pain
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Sequencing in ALK+ NSCLC
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ALK+ NSCLC) is a model disease for the use of targeted pharmaceuticals in thoracic oncology. This entry summarizes the state-of-the-art treatment for these tumors as of January 2021, with a special emphasis in the sequential use of various compounds as well as the growing importance of molecular profiling and monitoring for patient management.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Periodontitis
Over 65 components detected in oral fluid have been examined as possible markers for the progression of periodontitis.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TRP channels in hematological malignancies
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are improving their importance in different cancers, becoming suitable as promising candidates for precision medicine. In particular, this section will be focused on TRP importance in hematological malignancies.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Muscle Fatigue and Motorcycle
Motorcycle road races last from 30 to 45 min, representing about 20 to 25 laps consisting of 12 to 20 curves. This profile requires thereby 200 brakes and 400 leans per race at velocities generally greater than 200 km/h that should be managed with accurate synergistic muscle contractions from different part of the body, despite the development of muscle fatigue. However, only a few studies have investigated muscle fatigability via surface electromyography (sEMG) in riders that were performed either in a laboratory environment or outside the track. At present, only two studies have reported an accurate fatigue assessment yielded during a real piloting setup. Nevertheless, both studies monitored a pilot driving a motorcycle in a motorway or normal road environment, much less demanding and stressful than a racetrack.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Navigation Aids for Visually Impaired
Morden Navigation aids for the visually impaired is an applied science for people with special needs. They are a key sociotechnique that helps users to independently navigate and access needed resources indoors and outdoors.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Urban Compactivity Models
Urban Compactivity encompasses a whole range of new trends, concepts, and development models that seek to scale up sustainable and even post-sustainable transition solutions (see the e.g., of the regenerative paradigm). Therefore, this evolution and proliferation of terms associated with the conceptual universe of urban connectivity can perhaps translate a progressive permeability of mainstream urban planning to the incorporation of transitional solutions that emerge more or less spontaneously from society. For exploring the dimensions of this domain, and its relevance for future organizations of city spaces, the following models remain on the forefront of the literature, aiming at practically answering to global environmental issues through a sustainable transformation of cities: The compact city is a model that dates back to the 1980s, with its main objective to actively and efficiently work towards global sustainability in order to drastically decrease climatic changes caused by the irresponsible human interaction with our planet.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Social Entrepreneurs for Innovative Professional Career Developments
Social impact and innovation are crucial aspects of any social entrepreneurship project. There are some fundamental common factors as critical determinants of the final social entrepreneurial decision and result: (i) motivations such as emotional connection, moral judgment, personal dissatisfaction, purpose achievement and change, and social needs; (ii) personal internal resources such as connection skills, conviction, creativity, efficiency skills, and learning orientation; (iii) facilitating external factors such as financial and social support, higher and social education, relevant past events, and previous professional experience. Putting together all these factors, there is a theoretical framework that can explain social entrepreneurship as an alternative career option and connect it with a dominant social entrepreneur’s narrative and profile.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
TRPM4 in Disease
Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a unique member of the TRPM protein family and, similarly to TRPM5, is Ca2+ sensitive and permeable for monovalent but not divalent cations. It is widely expressed in many organs and is involved in several functions; it regulates membrane potential and Ca2+ homeostasis in both excitable and non-excitable cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Structural and Thermal Characterization of Resins
The synthesis of poly(vinylbenzyl pyridinium salts) fabricated through poly(vinylbenzyl halogene-co-divinylbenzene) quaternization of N-decyloxy-1-(pyridin-3- or -4-yl)ethaneimine was verified by the FTIR spectra of the final quaternized products, in comparison with the spectra of the initial copolymers.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Mar 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback