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Topic Review
Escherichia coli O157
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) are noninvasive and weak biofilm producers; however, a subset of O157 are exceptions. O157 ATCC 43895 forms biofilms and invades epithelial cells. Tn5 mutagenesis identified mutation insertions that map within the curli csgB fimbriae locus to be responsible for both phenotypes. Screening of O157 strains for biofilm formation and cell invasion identify a bovine and a clinical isolate with those characteristics. A single base pair A to T transversion, intergenic to the curli divergent operons csgDEFG and csgBAC, is present only in biofilm-producing and invasive strains. Using site-directed mutagenesis, this single base change was introduced into two curli-negative/noninvasive O157 strains and modified strains to form biofilms, produce curli, and gain invasive capability. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) and immuno-EM confirmed curli fibers. EM of bovine epithelial cells (MAC-T) co-cultured with curli-expressing O157 show intracellular bacteria. The role of curli in O157 persistence in cattle was examined by challenging cattle with curli-positive and -negative O157 and comparing carriage. The duration of bovine colonization with the O157 curli-negative mutant was shorter than its curli-positive isogenic parent. These findings definitively demonstrate that a single base pair stably confers biofilm formation, epithelial cell invasion, and persistence in cattle. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Royleanones
Plants have been used for centuries to treat several illnesses. The Plectranthus genus has a vast variety of species that has allowed the isolation of cytotoxic compounds with notable activities.The abietane diterpenes 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (DeRoy), 7alfa-acetoxy-6 -hydroxyroyleanone (Roy), and Parvifloron D (ParvD) were obtained from Plectranthus spp. and showed promising biological activities, such as cytotoxicity on several cancer cell lines, including cancer stem cell inducing sphere cells. In silico studies comparied the possible binding modes of active compounds and derivatives against different PKC isoforms alpha/beta/delta/iota/lambda/theta/zeta.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome is a disorder that affects the connective tissue in many parts of the body. Connective tissue provides strength and flexibility to structures such as bones, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels, and heart valves. The signs and symptoms of Marfan syndrome vary widely in severity, timing of onset, and rate of progression.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SELENON Gene
selenoprotein N
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TK2 Gene
Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial: The TK2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine kinase 2 that functions within cell structures called mitochondria, which are found in all tissues.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
CBAS2
Congenital bile acid synthesis defect type 2 is a disorder characterized by cholestasis, a condition that impairs the production and release of a digestive fluid called bile from liver cells. Bile is used during digestion to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K. People with congenital bile acid synthesis defect type 2 cannot produce (synthesize) bile acids, which are a component of bile that stimulate bile flow and help it absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins. As a result, an abnormal form of bile is produced.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Thirteen Potential TMPRSS2 Inhibitors
We identified a set of 13 approved or clinically investigational drugs with positively charged guanidinobenzoyl and/or aminidinobenzoyl groups, including the experimentally verified TMPRSS2 inhibitors Camostat and Nafamostat. Molecular docking suggested that the guanidinobenzoyl or aminidinobenzoyl group in all the drugs could form putative salt bridge interactions with the side-chain carboxyl group of Asp435 located in the S1 pocket of TMPRSS2. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed the high stability of the putative salt bridge interactions over long-time simulations. These results suggest that the proposed compounds, in addition to Camostat and Nafamostat, could be effective TMPRSS2 inhibitors for COVID-19 treatment by occupying the S1 pocket with the hallmark positively charged groups.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Guanyl Radical
Guanyl radical or neutral guanine radical G(-H)• results from the loss of a H-atom or an electron/proton (e–/H+) couple from the guanine structures (G). Guanyl radical G(-H)• exists in two tautomeric forms and its role in single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides, in DNA and G-quadruplex, attracted considerable attention since directly connected to the damage of genetic material and its biological consequences. The emerging picture is still incomplete and extrapolation of its chemistry from nucleosides to more complex environment like DNA can be misleading.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Recovery of Bioactive from Food Waste
Biowastes, especially food wastes, contain bioactive compounds that are suitable for producing functional foods, supplements, and nutricosmetics. Vegetables and fruits have primary metabolites (e.g., amino acids, lipids, dietary fibers, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and fatty acids), and secondary metabolites (e.g., flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and terpenes). The extraction of bioactive compounds from biowastes depends on the source, functionality, chemical properties, and end-use. Various temperatures, pH values, electromagnetic waves, and extraction techniques are used (e.g., supercritical fluid, subcritical water, ultrasonic wave, microwave, and pulsed electric field).
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plasticity in Subcortical Visual Areas
Visual plasticity is classically considered to occur essentially in the primary and secondary cortical areas. Subcortical visual areas such as the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) or the superior colliculus (SC) have long been held as basic structures responsible for a stable and defined function. In this model, the dLGN was considered as a relay of visual information travelling from the retina to cortical areas and the SC as a sensory integrator orienting body movements towards visual targets. However, recent findings suggest that both dLGN and SC neurons express functional plasticity, adding unexplored layers of complexity to their previously attributed functions. The existence of neuronal plasticity at the level of visual subcortical areas redefines our approach of the visual system.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Soluble Chitosan Derivatives Nanoparticles
Herein, a novel chitosan derivative nanoparticle was proposed to function as a delivery carrier. First of all, an improvement was made to the way N-2-hydroxypropyl trimcthyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC) was synthesized. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Immunogenic Proteins of Group B Streptococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is an opportunistic pathogen, which asymptomatically colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract of up to one third of healthy adults. Nevertheless, GBS carriage in pregnant women may lead to several health issues in newborns causing life threatening infection, such as sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. Recommended GBS screening in pregnant women significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in infants. Nevertheless, intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, recommended following the detection of carriage or in case of lack of a carriage test result for pregnant women who demonstrate certain risk factors, led to the expansion of the adverse phenomenon of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neglected Tropical Disease—Balantidiasis
Balantidiasis, caused by Balantidium coli, is a zoonotic parasitic disease characterized by high infection and incidence rates; however, it is only scantly investigated and therefore considered a neglected tropical zoonosis (NTZ). 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil Cell Death
Traditionally, neutrophils were seen as terminally differentiated cells destined to commit suicide on their one-way mission from bone marrow to the tissue. Neutrophils are an essential component of the innate immune response, but they are also a major contributor to inflammation. Neutrophil homeostasis is tightly regulated through balance between granulopoiesis, bone marrow storage and release, intravascular margination, and clearance of dying cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic for People with Pre-Existing Psychiatric Disorders
It seems that the impact of the first stage of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric disorders was two-fold: (1) an overall effect, in which people suffering from psychiatric disorders in general experienced more psychological distress and anxiety when compared to people who had no psychiatric diagnosis, and (2) a condition-specific effect, namely in people suffering from eating disorders and obsessive compulsive disorders. Moreover, the current work highlights that there were also some external factors that were related to worsening symptoms. For instance, unemployment or experiencing work and financial difficulties can be a trigger for greater distress during the pandemic for people with mood disorders, and being alone and in social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic may actually increase substance use and relapse rates. Further studies are needed to prospectively investigate the long-term effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic on people with (pre)-existing psychiatric conditions and on the onset or deterioration of psychiatric-related symptoms in a larger number of participants, as well as exploring the long-term effects of the current pandemic on mental health. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of MCDA to Rural Spatial Sustainability Evaluation
The rational allocation of spatial resources is an important factor to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas, and effective pre-emptive spatial evaluation is the prerequisite for identifying the predicament of rural resource allocation. Multi-criteria decision-making analysis has advantages in solving multi-attribute and multi-objective decision-making problems, and has been used in sustainability evaluation research in various disciplines in recent years. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Role of Tumor Microenvironment and EGFR Mutations
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. About 10–30% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harbor mutations of the EGFR gene. The Tumor Microenvironment (TME) of patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations displays peculiar characteristics and may modulate the antitumor immune response. EGFR activation increases PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, inducing T cell apoptosis and immune escape.  EGFR activation increases PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, inducing T cell apoptosis and immune escape. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mycetoma: Development of Diagnosis and Treatment
Mycetoma describes a heterogeneous group of cutaneous and subcutaneous infections caused by either fungi (eumycetomas) or bacteria (actinomycetomas). It is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms: painless subcutaneous tumor-like swelling, multiple sinuses and fistulas, and discharged grains in pus. This predominantly affects the feet in more than 70% of patients. It is endemic in the “mycetoma belt” regions, including Africa, South America, and South Asia. Autochthonous mycetoma is rare in the United States of America (USA). A Latin American immigrant with eumycetoma in the State of Maryland, USA. With millions of immigrants from endemic regions, the true number of mycetomas in the USA is most likely higher than currently recognized. With the aim to raise the awareness of clinicians about mycetoma, especially dermatologists and podiatrists, the development of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of mycetoma will be updated.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Karakandu
Karakandu or Karakanda was a powerful legendary Jain emperor of Kalinga (Odisha and North Andhra), who is said to have lived between 9th Century B.C to 6th Century B.C. He is a celebrated hero of many Jain and Buddhist religious scriptures. Ancient Buddhist text of Kumbhakara Jataka mentions him to be the Pratyekabuddha or the enlightened living being. Karakandu was a great devotee of the 23rd Jain tirthankar Parshvanatha who had preached Jainism in Kalinga around 850 B.C. Karakandu was also refereed as the "Bull among Kings" by Mahavira, the 24th Jain tithankar. Successive Jain writers over the years have placed him in the group of four Chakravati kings of the Indian subcontinent during his time who also were considered as prateykabudhhas namely, Nagnajit of Gandhara, Nemi or Nimi of Videha, Durmukha or Dwimukha of Panchala and Karakandu of Kalinga. After achieving victory over many kings and ruling for a long term, Karakandu became a Jain Sramana and left the throne and kingdom in charge of his son. During his time Kalinga was a Jain stronghold often described as the Kalinga Jinasana which may be compared to the later era Buddhist Janapadas. It was Jain monk Kanakmara's work in Apabrhamasa or Prakrit language known as Karakandu Cariu which gives detailed events about his life.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Neurodegenerative Diseases
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is an endocrine axis which has important peripheral physiological functions (blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis, water and sodium balance, and systemic vascular resistance). In addition to the systemic action of RAS, recent research highlights its paracrine and autocrine actions in many tissues, including the central nervous system. The complex is located intracellularly and is involved in various intracellular processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
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