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Topic Review
Temperature Sensors for Thermoregulation in Personal Protective Equipment
The exposure to extreme temperatures in workplaces involves physical hazards for workers. A poorly acclimated worker may have lower performance and vigilance and therefore may be more exposed to accidents and injuries. Due to the incompatibility of the existing standards implemented in some workplaces and the lack of thermoregulation in many types of protective equipment, thermal stress remains one of the most frequent physical hazards in many work sectors. In order to provide a better protection of individuals against thermal aggressors, the scientific community has been interested in the development of the textile-based or flexible temperature sensors that can be integrated into personal protective equipment. These sensors can measure the skin temperature and monitor the microclimate temperature between the body and the clothing or the outside temperature during exposure to thermal aggressors. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Power systems stability with IBGs
Electrical power system stability is of upmost importance for a secure and reliable supply of electrical energy to residential, commercial and industrial premises. Voltage stability of microgrids, as new components of a power system, is an emerging research area within the concept of power system stability. The main purpose of developing microgrids is to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. Renewable energy sources are normally connected to the grid via power electronic inverters. As various types of renewable energy sources are increasingly connected to the electrical power grid, power systems of the near future will have more inverter-based generators (IBGs) instead of synchronous generators (SGs). Since IBGs have significant differences in their characteristics compared to SGs , particularly with regard to their inertia and capability to provide reactive power, their impacts on the system dynamics are different compared to SGs. A comprehensive review on voltage stability of power systems with the inclusion of inverter-based generators is presented. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Secure Key Establishment Mechanism
Key establishment means the process of generating a usable and shared secret key between one or more entities. Key establishment includes key generation, key agreement, key distribution and so on. Among them, key generation and key agreement refer to the process of establishing a shared key between entities, in which no entity can determine the value of the key in advance. With smart sensing systems, the communications between sensors, actuators, and edge computing systems and robots are prone to be attacked due to the highly dynamic and distributed environment. Since smart robots are often distributed in open environments, as well as due to their limited hardware resources and security protection capabilities, the security requirements of their keys cannot be met with traditional key distribution algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism of key establishment based on high-order polynomials to ensure the safe key generation and key distribution. Experiments show that the key establishment mechanism proposed in this paper guarantees the security of keys; its storage cost and communication cost are smaller than state-of-the-art mechanisms; and it allows robot components to join and leave the network dynamically, which is more suitable for multi-robot systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
InP based HEMTs
High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT), also known as HFETs or modulation doped Field Effect Transistors (MODFETs), is a form of field effect transistor, which is capable of providing high levels of performances at microwave frequencies.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Livestock Management by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can revolutionize livestock herding and management. As a result, there is an increasing scientific interest in using UAVs to manage livestock. UAVs can be used to control livestock grazing areas and remote sensing of these animals.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Torque Ripple Reduction Design Methods
There are some phenomena that affect electric vehicle performance. One of those phenomena is the torque ripple of electric motors, which interferes with traction and the suspension system (causing vibration that stresses this system), and it can also introduce electric current harmonics into the battery, reducing its life, since torque ripple is partly a consequence of non-sinusoidal back EMF. For those reasons this is a topic worth investigating. The torque ripple of permanent magnets (PM) motors can be reduced in design or through control.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cuff-Less Blood Pressure Monitoring Technology
Initial calibration is a great challenge for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) measurement. The traditional one point-to-point (oPTP) calibration procedure had a strong sensitivity in the selection of initial value because of only using one sample/point to obtain unknown parameters of specific model in a calm state. In this study, a mean point-to-point (mPTP) paring calibration method through averaging and balancing calm or peaceful state was proposed for the first time. Thus, based on mPTP, a factor point-to-point (fPTP) paring calibration method through introducing the penalty factor was further proposed to improve and optimize the performance of BP estimation.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Substance Release from Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules
Controlled release of substance from polyelectrolyte microcapsules is a triggered degradation of the microcapsule membrane that is extensive enough to release the contained substances out into the environment. Membrane degradation can be a result of enzymatic digestion, ultrasound or light exposure, heating, application of a magnetic field, pH or ionic strength changes in the solution or bacteria-mediated processes. This technology can be used for the targeted release of drugs, and for the development of self-healing materials and new generation pesticides.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Optimization Approaches for Microgrid Energy Management
The microgrids (MG) is a single controllable local power network with distributed energy sources (solar Photovoltaics (PV), wind energy, diesel generator, fuel cell, wave energy, etc.), ESS, controllable distributed loads (households, commercial, industrial, etc.), and advanced energy management systems (EMSs). It can be operated alone or in connection with the utility grid. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Peak Load Shaving in Microgrid
Peak load is a particularly sensitive issue for microgrids as it happens occasionally for a small percentage of the time in a day. Peak load increases the risk of microgrid failure and also leads to power quality issues. To maintain grid stability and improve power quality, the microgrids must solve the peak loading problem.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plug-In Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands is actively supported by the Dutch government through the exemption of the registration fee and road taxes. These purchase incentives have been adjusted over time. Considering the potential of plug-in electric vehicles in the country due to its relative small size and geography, the Dutch government set a target of 15,000 to 20,000 electric vehicles with three or more wheels on the roads in 2015; 200,000 vehicles in 2020; and 1 million vehicles in 2025. The first two targets were achieved two years earlier than planned. The Dutch plug-in market was dominated by plug-in hybrids until 2016, when the tax rules changed after it became apparent many users rarely used the electric motors and only bought the cars for their tax advantage. In 2019, plug-in electric passenger cars had a market share of 14.9%, and rose to 24.6% in 2020, with battery electric vehicles dominating sales in both years. (As of December 2020), there were 297,380 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the Netherlands, consisting of 182,481 fully electric cars, 108,652 plug-in hybrids, and 6,247 all-electric light utility vans. (As of December 2012), the Netherlands was the country with the highest ratio of slow charging points to electric vehicles (EVSE/EV), with a ratio of more than 0.50, while the U.S had a slow EVSE/EV ratio of 0.20. The Netherlands' mix of slow and fast chargers has allowed it to become the country with the highest number of charging point per capita in the world. (As of December 2016), there were 11,768 public slow charging points available 24/7, 14,320 slow charging point with limited public access, 612 public and semi-public fast charging points, and over 72,000 private charging points.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CEA-708
CEA-708 is the standard for closed captioning for ATSC digital television (DTV) streams in the United States and Canada . It was developed by the Electronic Industries Alliance. Unlike RLE DVB and DVD subtitles, CEA-708 captions are low bandwidth and textual like traditional EIA-608 captions and EBU Teletext subtitles. However, unlike EIA-608 byte pairs, CEA-708 captions are not able to be modulated on an ATSC receiver's NTSC VBI line 21 composite output and must be pre-rendered by the receiver with the digital video frames, they also include more of the Latin-1 character set, and include stubs to support full UTF-32 captions, and downloadable fonts. CEA-708 caption streams can also optionally encapsulate EIA-608 byte pairs internally, a fairly common usage. CEA-708 captions are injected into MPEG-2 video streams in the picture user data. The packets are in picture order, and must be rearranged just like picture frames are. This is known as the DTVCC Transport Stream. It is a fixed-bandwidth channel that has 960 bit/s typically allocated for backward compatible "encapsulated" Line 21 captions, and 8640 bit/s allocated for CEA-708 captions, for a total of 9600 bit/s. The ATSC A/53 Standard contains the encoding specifics. The main form of signalling is via a PSIP caption descriptor which indicates the language of each caption and if formatted for "easy reader" (3rd grade level for language learners) in the PSIP EIT on a per event basis and optionally in the H.222 PMT only if the video always sends caption data. CEA-708 caption decoders are required in the U.S. by FCC regulation in all 13" (33 cm) diagonal or larger digital televisions. Further, some broadcasters are required by FCC regulations to caption a percentage of their broadcasts.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Temperature Estimation
The modern and very effective methods of estimating the temperature of electric motors include machine learning and deep learning. Their unquestionable advantage is that on the basis of the collected measurement data, a function mapping the relationship between the values of the input features and the output is determined. This means that predictive modeling does not require knowledge of the material properties of a given device or having expertise knowledge about its construction.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Electric Mobility in Portugal
In recent years, the growing concern for air quality has led to the development of sustainable vehicles to replace conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Currently, the most widespread technology in Europe and Portugal is that of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) or plug-in HEV (PHEV) electric cars, but hydrogen-based transport has also shown significant growth in the commercialization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) and in the development of new infrastructural schemes. In the current panorama of EV, particular attention should be paid to hydrogen technology, i.e., FCEVs, which is potentially a valid alternative to BEVs and can also be hybrid (FCHEV) and plug-in hybrid (FCPHEV). Several sources cited show a positive trend of hydrogen in the transport sector, identifying a growing trend in the expansion of hydrogen infrastructure, although at this time, it is still at an early stage of development
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Alarming Systems for Hazardous Gases and Volatile Chemicals
The leakage of hazardous gases and chemical vapors is considered one of the dangerous accidents that can occur in laboratories, workshops, warehouses, and industrial sites that use or store these substances. The early detection and alarming of hazardous gases and volatile chemicals are significant to keep the safety conditions for the people and life forms who are work in and live around these places.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Switched-Biasing Techniques for CMOS VCO
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a key component to generate high-speed clock of mixed-mode circuits and local oscillation signals of the frequency conversion in wired and wireless application systems. In particular, the recent evolution of new high-speed wireless systems in the millimeter-wave frequency band calls for the implementation of the VCO with high oscillation frequency and low close-in phase noise. The effect of the flicker noise on the phase noise of the VCO should be minimized because the flicker noise dramatically increases as the deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is scaled down, and the flicker corner frequency also increases, up to several MHz, in the up-to-date CMOS process. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasonic and UWB Technology for Indoor Localization
Evaluations of different technologies and solutions for indoor localization exist but only a few are aimed at the industrial context. It's showed that an acceptable accuracy required for tracking people or objects and could serve as a guideline for the least achievable accuracy when applied for mobile robotics in conjunction with other elements of a robotic navigation stack. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Software-Defined Protection, Automation, and Control in Power Systems
Power systems’ Protection, Automation, and Control (PAC) functionalities are often deployed in different constrained devices (Intelligent Electronic Devices) following a coupled hardware/software design. With the increase in distributed energy resources, more customized controllers will be required. These devices have high operational and deployment costs with long development, testing, and complex upgrade cycles. Addressing these challenges requires that a ’revolution’ in power system PAC design takes place. Decoupling from hardware-dependent implementations by virtualizing the functionalities facilitates the transition from a traditional power grid into a software-defined smart grid.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
False Data Injection Attacks
False data injection attacks (FDIAs), as a covert cyber-attack method, pose a huge challenge to the safe and stable operation of smart grids by illegally hacking into power systems to tamper with measurement data and thus undermine data integrity.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of Two-Dimensional Materials towards CMOS-Integrated Gas Sensors
The semiconductor metal oxide (SMO)-based gas sensor, considered the current workhorse of semiconductor-based chemiresistive gas sensor technologies, requires high temperatures to initiate the surface reactions which result in the sensing response, making it difficult to fabricate and prone to high mechanical instability. Therefore, alternatives at lower temperatures are desired, where 2D materials seem to hold the most promise. Even at ambient temperature, their sensitivity is extraordinarily large due to their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. However, some ongoing issues still need to be resolved before gas sensors based on 2D materials can be widely used and commercialized. The alternative room temperature solutions involve optical signals, either by designing an nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor based on the Beer-Lambert law or by introducing an additional UV illumination to SMO sensors. In both cases, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integration is not feasible, which is why continued interest in 2D-material-based gas sensors persists.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
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