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Topic Review
Selection of OCV–SOC Model for Battery Management Systems
A battery management system (BMS) plays a crucial role to ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of a rechargeable Li-ion battery pack. State of charge (SOC) estimation is an important operation within a BMS. Estimated SOC is required in several BMS operations, such as remaining power and mileage estimation, battery capacity estimation, charge termination, and cell balancing. The open circuit voltage (OCV) model needs to be stored within the battery management system for real-time SOC estimation. The selection, storage, and processing of OCV models involve several design constraints.
  • 2.4K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Utau
UTAU is a Japanese singing synthesizer application created by Ameya/Ayame (飴屋／菖蒲). This program is similar to the VOCALOID software, with the difference being it is shareware instead of under a third party licensing.
  • 2.4K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
GaN-Based LEDs: Modeling and Simulation
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) based on Gallium Nitride (GaN) have been revolutionizing various applications in lighting, displays, biotechnology, and other fields. Many theoretical models have been developed for GaN-LED simulation, analysis, and design optimization, including carrier transport models, quantum well recombination models, and light extraction models. The overview below is a strongly abbreviated version of Ref. [1].
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Deep Learning Defect Detection Methods for Industrial Products
Deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) have had a lot of success in various computer vision fields, such as recognizing faces, identifying pedestrians, detecting text in images, and tracking targets. Additionally, these models are used in a wide range of industrial settings for defect detection.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Touch Sensors for Flexible Wearable Devices
The traditional touch sensors are bulky, complicated, inflexible, and difficult-to-wear devices made of stiff materials. The touch screen is gaining further importance with the trend of current IoT technology flexibly and comfortably used on the skin or clothing to affect different aspects of human life. Flexible sensors have advantages over conventional rigid devices. These sensors are nontoxic and lightweight and can be worn comfortably on the body.
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electrohydrodynamic Pump Structure and Material
In 1961, a theory relating to ionic wind was developed by Robinson, who proposed the possibility of developing functional electrostatic blowers, namely electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps. 
  • 2.4K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
General Theory of Photodetectors
Photodetectors are one of the popular types of technology used in ultraviolet radiation research. They are widely used in the industrial area (flame detectors, fire alarm systems, extreme UV lithography), national security (missile defense, military recognition, explosives detection, forensic analysis, secure communications), in fields such as medicine (UV imaging, protein analysis, and DNA sequencing) or biology (biological agent detection), and when dealing with environmental issues (ozone detection, air pollution determination, disinfection, and decontamination).
  • 2.3K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Progress of Photonic-Crystal Surface-Emitting Lasers
The concept of photonic crystals was proposed in 1987. Afterward, this kind of artificial structure with photonic bandgaps attracted much attention for their special dispersion. Such artificial structures fabricated at the micro- or nanoscale, namely photonic crystals, can use the periodical changes of material refractive index to affect the propagation of a light beam, imitating natural crystals that give rise to the X-ray diffraction with their atomic lattices. Thus, with this kind of artificial structure, photonic crystals can pave prospective ways for specific light modulation with ultracompact form factors. A revolutionary semiconductor laser technology, namely the photonic-crystal surface-emitting laser (PCSEL), emerges. PCSEL exhibits not only a symmetric beam profile with narrow beam divergence but also a high-power operation with controllability. Therefore, it may be the holy grail for an ultracompact time-of-flight (ToF) LiDAR system.
  • 2.3K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Micro-Grid Communication Protocols and Standards
A microgrid is a comprehensive system that includes energy storage, different energy sources, and loads within a certain boundary. It functions seamlessly, whether it is linked to, or works independently from, the main electrical grid, ensuring a consistent power supply. Microgrids consist of distributed energy resources (DER) and loads, which may be located in one place or spread throughout an electrical distribution network.
  • 2.3K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Thermal Energy Storage for Grid Applications
Thermal energy systems (TES) contribute to the on-going process that leads to higher integration among different energy systems, with the aim of reaching a cleaner, more flexible and sustainable use of the energy resources. Energy storage is also a key component of decarbonisation scenarios, such as the ones indicated in the European Roadmap to 2050, whose main targets include high energy efficiency, diversification of the production resources, and increase in the percentage of renewable energy sources (RES). TES-based solutions in systems connected to the electrical grid facilitate the energy system integration to get additional flexibility for energy management, enable better use of variable renewable energy sources (RES), and contribute to the modernisation of the energy system infrastructures.
  • 2.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Wearable Sensor
Sensors are the core of wearable monitoring equipment. In wearable devices (such as wrist strap or chest strap), the sensor will inevitably contact with the skin.
  • 2.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Structural Health Monitoring Systems
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a rapidly evolving field, and there is a vast literature covering several topics that are related to this field. This entry is focused on the analysis of the state of the art of sensors for guided ultrasonic waves for the detection and localization of impacts for structural health monitoring (SHM).
  • 2.3K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
State-of-the-Art Power Factor Correction: An Industry Perspective
On 1 January 2001, the IEC 61000-3-2 regulation became effective. Since then, mitigating current harmonics has been essential to ensure that electronic equipment connected to single-phase power distribution lines conforms to electromagnetic compatibility directives. Today, high-quality rectification, commonly known as power factor correction (PFC), is a well-established technique widely adopted by the industry for powering various devices from the ac line. The topic has been studied by academia and industry since the mid-1980s; thus, an enormous amount of research has been published and countless solutions have been proposed since then. However, only a few of those solutions have encountered wide industrial usage. So, it is not the authors’ intention to provide a comprehensive review, but to take stock of the most used PFC techniques from an industry perspective. This paper will review the power factor theory with non-sinusoidal currents, the practical and regulatory aspects of using PFC, and the most common industry solutions for power factor correction in equipment operated from the single-phase, public, low-voltage supply system, with a special focus on boost PFC pre-regulators, their control methods, design procedures, and issues.
  • 2.3K
  • 25 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Halide Perovskites
Halide perovskites (HPs), with an excellent photoactive nature, dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and pyroelectric properties, have been potential candidates for obtaining flexible nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors including light, pressure, and temperature. Additionally, the photo-stimulated dielectric, piezoelectric, and triboelectric properties of HPs make them efficient entrants for developing bimodal and multimode sensors to sense multi-physical signals individually or simultaneously. 
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Materials for Solar Cells and Supercapacitors
Hybrid systems have gained significant attention among researchers and scientists worldwide due to their ability to integrate solar cells and supercapacitors. Subsequently, this has led to rising demands for green energy, miniaturization and mini-electronic wearable devices. These hybrid devices will lead to sustainable energy becoming viable and fossil-fuel-based sources of energy gradually being replaced. A solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is an electronic device that mainly functions to convert photon energy to electrical energy using a solar power source. 
  • 2.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Temperature Sensors for Thermoregulation in Personal Protective Equipment
The exposure to extreme temperatures in workplaces involves physical hazards for workers. A poorly acclimated worker may have lower performance and vigilance and therefore may be more exposed to accidents and injuries. Due to the incompatibility of the existing standards implemented in some workplaces and the lack of thermoregulation in many types of protective equipment, thermal stress remains one of the most frequent physical hazards in many work sectors. In order to provide a better protection of individuals against thermal aggressors, the scientific community has been interested in the development of the textile-based or flexible temperature sensors that can be integrated into personal protective equipment. These sensors can measure the skin temperature and monitor the microclimate temperature between the body and the clothing or the outside temperature during exposure to thermal aggressors. 
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Software-Defined Protection, Automation, and Control in Power Systems
Power systems’ Protection, Automation, and Control (PAC) functionalities are often deployed in different constrained devices (Intelligent Electronic Devices) following a coupled hardware/software design. With the increase in distributed energy resources, more customized controllers will be required. These devices have high operational and deployment costs with long development, testing, and complex upgrade cycles. Addressing these challenges requires that a ’revolution’ in power system PAC design takes place. Decoupling from hardware-dependent implementations by virtualizing the functionalities facilitates the transition from a traditional power grid into a software-defined smart grid.
  • 2.3K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bluetooth 5.1
Bluetooth 5.1 allows producers to create location applications based on the Angle of Departure (AoD) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA). Accordingly, it is conceivable to design proper Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), for instance, for the traceability of resources, assets, and people.
  • 2.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Applications of IRS-Assisted UAV Communication
A intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can intelligently configure wavefronts such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and even polarization through passive reflections and without requiring any radio frequency (RF) chains. It is predicted to be a revolutionizing technology with the capability to alter wireless communication to enhance both spectrum and energy efficiencies with low expenditure and low energy consumption. Similarly, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has attained a significant interest by research fraternity due to high mobility, flexible deployment, and easy integration with other technologies. IRS and UAV can combine together to achieve unparalleled opportunities in difficult environments. Both technologies can achieve enhanced performance by proactively altering the wireless propagation through maneuver control and smart signal reflections in three-dimensional space. 
  • 2.3K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been garnering wide attention over conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles due to the serious concerns of environmental pollution and crude oil depletion.
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Jun 2023
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