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Topic Review
Pioglitazone Use and Sepsis Mortality
The pioglitazone use via the PPARγ agonist in sepsis patients is inconclusive. It was based on a great number of animal studies. However, except for information from animal studies, there are merely no data of human for reference. This study was conducted by a unique database including 1.6 million of diabetic patients. From 1999 to 2013, a total of 145,327 type 2 diabetic patients, first admitted for sepsis, were enrolled. Propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:5 ratio between pioglitazone users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of hospital mortality in pioglitazone users. Further stratification analysis and Kaplan-Meier plot were utilized. A total of 9,310 sepsis pioglitazone users (defined as "ever" use pioglitazone in any dose within 3 months prior to the first admission for sepsis) and 46,550 matched nonusers were retrieved, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the cohort of pioglitazone users (9,310) had a decreased aOR = 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89-1.02) of sepsis mortality. Further stratification analysis demonstrated that "chronic pioglitazone users" (defined as "at least" 4 weeks drug use within 3 months) (3,399) was much associated with significant aOR = 0.80 (95% CI, 0.72-0.89) in reducing sepsis mortality. This first human cohort study demonstrated the potential protective effect of chronic pioglitazone use in type 2 diabetic sepsis patients.
  • 471
  • 16 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Strategies Targeting JWA
JWA is a microtubule-associated protein and an environmental response gene. JWA has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for several cancers. 
  • 470
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Toxic Effects of Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Organisms
More than 7000 synthetic compounds known as per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are applied to food packaging and other materials to provide fat, fire, and/or water resistance properties. These compounds have exceptional environmental stability and persistence due to the strong C-F chemical bond, earning them the moniker “forever chemicals”. Emission of PFAS from industrial waste leads to water, air, and soil contamination. Due to this ubiquitous nature, combined with the fact that PFAS in humans are known to have carcinogenic and reprotoxic effects and to cause vaccine resistance and depression of the immunity system, PFAS may constitute a major threat to human health. For this reason, the attention of the scientific community and of control bodies is increasing and as a consequence legislation and the scientific literature on PFAS are constantly evolving.
  • 469
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Corporate Climate Change Impacts and Due Diligence
Climate change has been described as one of the greatest threats to people and the planet. Its impacts affect virtually the entire spectrum of internationally recognised human rights as well as the environment in and of itself. In relation to human rights, there is a growing consensus that companies should exercise human rights due diligence in order to identify and prevent their actual and potential adverse impacts.
  • 466
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA)
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that affects all age groups and is associated with many co-morbid diseases (especially cardiovascular diseases). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard for treating OSA. However, and with increasing prevalence of CPAP non-adherence, other therapeutic interventions have emerged. Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a novel modality of treating patients with moderate to severe OSA who are not adherent to CPAP.
  • 463
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Benefits of Exercise for Lowering Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity
Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to and delayed recovery from stress increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the future. It is evident that exercise training and aerobic fitness are associated with reduced cardiovascular reactivity and enhanced recovery from stress, but the effects with acute exercise are less characterized. This research sought to explore the range and variety of available studies using acute exercise to lower stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and recovery. In general, acute exercise particularly of the moderate-intensity, aerobic type effectively reduced stress-induced Blood pressure (BP) reactivity in the healthy population and in those with high blood pressure. This shows that with just a single bout of exercise can help to lower cardiovascular reactivity in response to stress without having to undergo extensive exercise training. Further research would be recommended to establish if other forms of exercise intensity or type are equally beneficial to lower exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stress.
  • 463
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Techno-Stress and Psychological Detachment in Workload and Well-Being
Psychological detachment is a protective factor to cope with excessive job demands. It refers to the ability to psychologically disengage from work when away from the workplace to recover depleted resources. A high workload can hinder psychological detachment, especially in high autonomy and flexibility conditions, forcing workers to remain mentally tied to work.
  • 462
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effectiveness of Physical-Activity-Based Interventions Targeting Overweight and Obesity
Overweight and obesity, including their prevalence and consequences, reflect a leading public health problem. Studies have already shown that physical activity leads to a reduction in body weight in children and adults. It is already known that physical activity is an essential component of combating overweight and obesity. Being overweight causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and different types of cancer. According to the WHO, the prevalence of obesity has almost tripled since 1975. In 2016, 1.9 billion people aged 18 years and older were overweight, of which 650 million individuals were considered obese.
  • 461
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Road Safety Near a Landfill Assessment in Europe
In Europe, many governments are struggling with the ambitious target of zero road deaths by 2050. On the other hand, they are facing remediation of illegal waste dumps, subject to European infringement procedures and involving a lot of workers and heavy materials transportation. In Italy, a specific department was started in 2017 to carry out the remediation of 200 illegal landfills of urban/industrial solid waste. According to the Italian legislative framework on construction site management, risk assessment should also include risks for the external context caused by the working site.
  • 458
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Screening
In Southeast Asia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Low coverage for cervical cancer screening (CCS) becomes a roadblock to disease detection and treatment. Herein, we identified the barriers to and facilitators of cervical cancer screening among women living in SEA.
  • 455
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Executive Functions and Theory of Mind in Aging
Social cognition is essential for maintaining relationships throughout life, with Theory of Mind (ToM) as its central component. ToM encompasses both cognitive and affective processes, enabling individuals to decipher concealed social cues and make moral judgments within various social contexts. ToM is a current topic of interest investigated in diverse age-related conditions, such as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between healthy and pathological aging. Recognizing ToM difficulties is crucial, as they can significantly impact decision-making and social interactions while also serving as valuable indicators for tracking disease progression. However, assessing ToM poses challenges, given the variety of available tests and the ongoing debate about its connection with other cognitive abilities. Existing literature suggests that executive functions (EF) can influence ToM performance, but only a few studies have delved into this aspect deeply. Improving the understanding of the dynamics of ToM, its interaction with age-related changes, and its possible variations in MCI is critical to promoting social well-being and cognitive health in older people.
  • 454
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detraining in Athletes and COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many people in general and athletes in particular. This has led to a series of restrictions, which from a pathophysiological point of view, may affect the athlete’s performance in the short and long term. The restrictions basically affect training and eating habits, disturbing physical condition, as well as psychological behavior and general health status. Several aspects of systemic alterations caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the resultant COVID-19 disease have been currently explored in the general population. Researchers believe that the most important element to take into account is the neuromuscular aspect, due to the implications that this system entails in motion execution and coordination. In this context, deficient neuromuscular control when performing dynamic actions can be an important risk factor for injury. 
  • 452
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Monkeypox in Occupational Settings
With ongoing climate change, which alters the conditions for pathogens and vectors, zoonotic diseases such as monkeypox virus will become a challenge and a great threat impacting global health in future decades. A current outbreak of monkeypox is occurring in over 125 countries, with a report of thousands of cases in countries where this virus has never appeared. Occupational exposure to the monkeypox virus has been identified as an issue of major concern for occupational health, especially in healthcare settings. A research following the PRISMA guidelines was performed, which analyzed the effects that the current monkeypox outbreak has in workplaces, given the potential exposure of healthcare workers to the virus, the possible spread of the virus in occupational settings, and the preventive measures that are necessary to implement. At the end of the selection process, 21 studies were included in the research. Healthcare workers are considered at a high risk, and similar preventive measures to those adopted during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic must be implemented in all healthcare settings. The main recommendations for preventing and managing monkeypox in occupational settings are the vaccination of exposed workers, the prompt identification and isolation of infected individuals, and good hygiene practices. Education and specific training are necessary in non-endemic countries to make healthcare workers able to recognize the disease and prevent further contagions. Although monkeypox seems unlikely to reach the pandemic spread of COVID-19, an approach to global health even to avoid future zoonotic epidemics is required by all stakeholders. 
  • 449
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Landscape Preference
Landscape preference (LP) is often a critical interdisciplinary research topic that explores the interaction between human beings and their environments. Human preferences for landscape can have a profound influence on how the preservation, reconstruction, and restoration of the landscape is approached, both consciously and unconsciously. Theories of LP emerged in the 1960s and can be divided into three need categories: (1) the need for survival, (2) the need for affection, and (3) the need for cognition.
  • 448
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
HIA in Public Health Genomics
Public health genomics (PHG) is the area of public health ensuring that scientific advances in genomics (“from cell...”) triggered by innovative technologies are timely, effectively and responsibly translated into health policies and practice for the benefit of population health (“...to society”). Health impact assessment (HIA) is a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, program or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population. 
  • 447
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
One Health Approach
The One Health approach incorporates human, animal, and plant health, as well as the health of their shared environment, for supporting a multidisciplinary and holistic approach that integrates monitoring, planning, and evaluation to optimize co-benefits and public health outcomes. In addition, the One Health approach supports global health by fostering coordination, collaboration, and communication among different sectors at the human–animal–environment interface to address common health threats such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR), food safety, zoonotic diseases, and several others.
  • 446
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Alleviate Job Burnout in Construction Workers in China
Burnout is at all-time highs across modern professions. As a typical labor-intensive industry, the high-pressure and task-driven nature of the construction industry makes construction workers more prone to burnout. It is still unclear whether increasing the professionalization level can lessen the many harmful consequences of job burnout on construction workers’ employment.
  • 445
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Exposome Approach in Allergies and Lung Diseases
Emerging research suggests environmental exposures before conception may adversely affect allergies and lung diseases in future generations. Most studies are limited as they have focused on single exposures, not considering that these diseases have a multifactorial origin in which environmental and lifestyle factors are likely to interact. Traditional exposure assessment methods fail to capture the interactions among environmental exposures and their impact on fundamental biological processes, as well as individual and temporal factors. A valid estimation of exposure preconception is difficult since the human reproductive cycle spans decades and the access to germ cells is limited. The exposome is defined as the cumulative measure of external exposures on an organism (external exposome), and the associated biological responses (endogenous exposome) throughout the lifespan, from conception and onwards. An exposome approach implies a targeted or agnostic analysis of the concurrent and temporal multiple exposures, and may, together with recent technological advances, improve the assessment of the environmental contributors to health and disease. This review describes the current knowledge on preconception environmental exposures as related to respiratory health outcomes in offspring. We discuss the usefulness and feasibility of using an exposome approach in this research, advocating for the preconception exposure window to become included in the exposome concept.
  • 444
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota in Shaping Women’s Health
A properly colonized human microbiota contributes to the proper functioning of the body. The composition of the natural flora changes depending on age, health, living conditions, and the use of antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, disinfectants, and some cosmetics. The human body is diversely populated with microorganisms and undergoes constant changes under the influence of various factors, and its proper composition is extremely important for the proper functioning of the body.
  • 444
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Trends in Pollutant Accumulations in Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings
Improving the energy efficiency of buildings is a major target in developed countries toward decreasing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. To meet this target, a large number of countries have established energy codes that require buildings to be airtight. While such a retrofitting approach has improved health outcomes in areas with heavy traffic, it has worsened the health outcomes in Nordic countries and increased the risk of lung cancer in areas with high levels of radon emissions. The implementation of mechanical ventilation in new energy-efficient buildings has solved some of these problems; however, for others, a decrease in the level of outdoor pollutants was still required in order to achieve a good indoor air quality. A good balance between the air exchange rate and the air humidity level (adapted to the location) is key to ensuring that exposure to the various pollutants that accumulate inside energy-efficient buildings is low enough to avoid affecting inhabitants′ health. Evidence of the protective effect of mechanical ventilation should be sought in dwellings where natural ventilation allows pollutants to accumulate to threatening levels. 
  • 441
  • 25 Mar 2022
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