You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Causation
Causation refers to the relationship between cause and effect, where one event or factor (the cause) brings about or influences another event or outcome (the effect). In scientific inquiry, establishing causation involves demonstrating that changes in one variable directly result in changes in another variable, often through empirical observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis, while considering alternative explanations and potential confounding factors. This concept underpins our understanding of causal mechanisms and the interconnectedness of phenomena in various fields of study, from natural sciences to social sciences.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Why and How
Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How is a 2016 non-fiction book by Ted Kaczynski.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sociology of Culture
The sociology of culture is a subfield of sociology that examines how culture—defined as shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and practices—shapes and is shaped by social structures, power dynamics, and human interactions. It explores how cultural meanings are created, transmitted, and transformed across societies and historical periods. The field intersects with anthropology, media studies, political science, and philosophy, drawing upon both macro-sociological perspectives (structuralism, functionalism, Marxism) and micro-sociological approaches (symbolic interactionism, phenomenology). Cultural sociologists analyze topics such as ideology, mass media, identity formation, cultural consumption, globalization, and the role of institutions (such as religion, education, and the arts) in shaping cultural life. The field also investigates how culture influences social stratification, political ideologies, and economic systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Healthy Soils
Healthy soils are vital for sustainable development, yet consistent soil monitoring is scarce, and soils are poorly represented in United Nations Sustainable Development Goals targets and indicators. There is a clear need for specific ambitions on soil health, accompanying metrics, and cost-effective monitoring methodologies.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Civil Rights
Civil rights refer to the rights and liberties guaranteed to individuals by law, particularly in the context of protecting them from discrimination and ensuring their equal participation in society. These rights are essential for promoting fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all citizens. Civil rights encompass a wide range of protections, often focusing on issues related to freedom, equality, and nondiscrimination.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Social Anxiety Disorder
Social anxiety disorder (SAD; previously called social phobia) has been defined as the experience of constant fear, nervousness, and avoidance in the presence of a stranger, or in social situations that involve being observed.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hannah’s Suffering
Hannah's story can serve as a complex narrative of agency, self-advocacy, and liberation for minoritized women. Using Chela Sandoval's Theory of Oppositional Consciousness, Dorothee Solle's Theory of Suffering, and Lorde's "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action," the piece analyzes the audacity of Hannah to correct a prophet, fight for her valid desire of motherhood, and determine her own happiness is evidence of an empowerment ethic that is necessary for present-day minoritized women in a climate that seeks to suppress and erase all forms of difference and agency.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Moments (Social Networking)
Moments (Chinese: 朋友圈 pinyin: péngyǒu quān) is a function of the smartphone app WeChat, launched on 19 April 2012 in the WeChat version 4.0. It serves new social-networking functions for Wechat users. The Chinese translation of Moment is known as “Friends' circle”, which means users can share and get access to accepted WeChat friends' information, creating an intimate and private communicating circle within the users' choice of close friends. Moments mainly focuses on sharing pictures with captions, while sharing statuses and sharing websites are also permitted.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Affirmative Action Policies in Higher Education in Brazil
The debate about the implementation of affirmative action policies in Brazil is not disconnected from the development of this discussion, proposals, and policy implementation at a global level. Although there is knowledge in Brazil about affirmative action programs in several different countries since the second half of the 20th century, the most common experience of this type of policy that is quoted and more broadly known is the US experience.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Culture Inside
CultureInside is a non-profit free social networking site for the artistic community. Founded by Gila and Dominique Paris in 2008, it has offices in Luxembourg and New York City (United States). They frequently use the network to organize online exhibitions, as well as international exhibits in the United States and European Union. In April 2009 they received the label Creativity and Innovation in the European Year 2009.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vestiarium Scoticum
The Vestiarium Scoticum (full title, Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douay. With an Introduction and Notes, by John Sobieski Stuart) was first published by William Tait of Edinburgh in a limited edition in 1842. John Telfer Dunbar, in his seminal work History of Highland Dress referred to it as "probably the most controversial costume book ever written." The book itself purported to be a reproduction, with color ilustrations, of an ancient manuscript on the clan tartans of Scottish families. Shortly after its publication, it was denounced as a forgery and the "Stuart" brothers who brought it forth, and who claimed to be the grandsons of Bonnie Prince Charlie himself, were likewise denounced as imposters. It is generally accepted today that both the brothers and the Vestiarium are indeed inauthentic. Nevertheless, the role of the book in the history of Scottish tartans is immense, with many of the designs and patterns contained therein passing into the realm of official clan tartans.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wiser.org
Wiser.org, formerly WiserEarth.org, was a user-generated online community space for the social and environmental movement. As one of the social networks for environmental sustainability and social change, Wiser.org was the primary initiative of the non-profit organization WiserEarth, which tracks the work of non-profits around the world. The site mapped and connected non-governmental organizations (NGOs), businesses, governments, groups, and individuals addressing global issues such as climate change, poverty, the environment, peace, water, hunger, social justice, conservation, human rights, and more. On 6 January 2014, Wiser.org's Executive Director, Peggy Duvette wrote an open letter to all members (which she updated on 24 January 2014) explaining the need for changes and the possibility of archiving the Wiser.org website to the Wayback Machine; and on 17 March 2014 she officially announced that the closure and archiving of the Wiser.org website would occur on 10 April 2014.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Kroogi
Kroogi [Russian: Круги, translation: circles, http://kroogi.com/] is a “content community” where musicians, painters, writers, videographers, photographers, and other users and organizations, that wish to share their projects with the world, showcase their work. Their supporters can follow their activity, download content, and make monetary contributions. Kroogi encourages its users to support artists and their projects through voluntary contributions, and by promoting artistic content. Users pay for downloading content based on a “Pay what you want” model, which allows fans and followers to set their own price for artists’ work. Artists also have the option of setting a minimum necessary contribution for downloads.
  • 961
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effects of COVID-19 on Leisure among Youth
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed the lives of millions, including young people, who are in a vital stage during which leisure has had a preponderant role in their lifestyles, characterized by the search for experiences outside the family environment and forms of leisure dependent on friendships as a source for well-being (physical, cognitive, social, and emotional). 
  • 952
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Participation (Decision Making)
Participation in social science refers to different mechanisms for the public to express opinions – and ideally exert influence – regarding political, economic, management or other social decisions. Participatory decision-making can take place along any realm of human social activity, including economic (i.e. participatory economics), political (i.e. participatory democracy or parpolity), management (i.e. participatory management), cultural (i.e. polyculturalism) or familial (i.e. feminism). For well-informed participation to occur, it is argued that some version of transparency, e.g. radical transparency, is necessary but not sufficient. It has also been argued that those most affected by a decision should have the most say while those that are least affected should have the least say in a topic.
  • 943
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Socio-Cognitive Agents
Socio-cognitive agents should be able to support an agent’s reasoning about other social actors and its relationship with them. Cognitive social frames can be built around social groups, and form the basis for social group dynamics mechanisms and construct of social identity. 
  • 924
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
E-Learning as a Development Tool
In the modern world, there is a need to organize learning quickly and effectively. Due to the current economic climate, competition in the educational market, and demographic decline, there is an increasing interest in e-learning at all levels of education but especially in higher education. E-education provides the opportunity to attract students from abroad, those with disabilities, and those who cannot give up their professional work but want or should continue their education. This way of acquiring knowledge is of interest to various people who want to complete their higher education or gain a new profession. 
  • 909
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Actor Social Networks for Understanding Food Hubs
Food hubs are collaborative entities that strategically manage the assemblage, delivery, and promotion of food from a range of local food producers. They are essentially multi-actor institutions, involving horizontal collaboration between producers and vertical collaborations up and down the food chain, involving all actors required to bring food products from producers to consumers.
  • 908
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
“Pseudo-Contracted” Workers in Greece
Non-standard forms of employment, also called “flexible” or “new forms” of employment, such as temporary employment, part-time employment, seasonal employment, project agreement, leasing through TWAs, and outsourcing are a worldwide rapidly expanding phenomenon that affects more than one-third of the worldwide workforce. Flexible or new forms of employment emerged in the 1980s and gained popularity during the acute financial crisis (2007), as well as during the recent pandemic COVID-19 that also hugely affected Europe and the USA. More specifically, in 2022, the EU-27 marked rates of 12.1% of temporary employment and 17.6% of part-time employment over total employment. Enterprises turn to flexible forms of employment when aiming to reduce labour costs and to increase their productivity and competitiveness. More specifically, enterprises reduce their internally allocated range of tasks and assign part of or entire activities to external undertakings, thus expanding labour market segmentation and amplifying social inequalities among the employees.
  • 891
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Older Adults COVID-19 Social Isolation
Risk of COVID-19 exposure and more severe illness are serious concerns for older adults. Social distancing has worsened existing social isolation, with severe impacts on connectedness among seniors. The pandemic is threatening to cause an extended health crisis, with impacts including serious health consequences. The pandemic has worsened social isolation among older adults. Social isolation has become urgent, as seniors have lost their usual connections due to social distancing. While safety measures are critical to prevent virus exposure, this approach must be balanced with maintaining social connectedness. The pandemic highlights the importance of social connections, with significant impacts on both community-living older adults and those in nursing facilities.
  • 886
  • 03 Jun 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 17
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback