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Topic Review
Primary Care for Oral Health
The International Dental Federation (IDF) defines oral health as “multi-faceted and included the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow and convey a range of emotions through facial expressions with confidence and without pain, discomfort, and craniofacial complex diseases”. The IDF definition integrates oral health with general health, demonstrating that it affects overall health and well-being. Therefore, increasing awareness about the different dimensions of oral health and how they change over time empowers people by recognizing that values, perceptions, and expectations influence its outcomes.
  • 787
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Infraocclusion in the Primary and Permanent Dentition
The gradual movement of a tooth away from the occlusal plane is called infraocclusion or reinclusion. Reincluded teeth are most often deciduous molars, and permanent teeth are less frequently affected. Depending on the level of the infraocclusion, the severity of the disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The etiology of the phenomenon is not fully known. Tooth submerging can lead to serious complications, such as abnormal position of adjacent teeth, displacement of the bud of the permanent successor, shortening of the dental arch, or developmental disturbances of alveolar process. 
  • 787
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Chronic Kidney Disease, Periodontitis, Red Complex Bacteria, TNF-α
Periodontitis, referred to as gum disease, is a serious bacterial infection that damages the surrounding structures of the teeth, including the supporting bones, lastly without prompt treatment resulting in tooth loss.
  • 786
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Topical Agents for Nonrestorative Management of Dental Erosion
A nonrestorative approach to the management of dental erosion is the foremost option: controlling dental erosion. Nonrestorative approaches to dental erosion commonly include dietary analysis and counselling, oral health education and topical use of anti-erosive agents. Topical anti-erosive agents can be broadly categorised as fluorides, calcium phosphate-based agents, organic compounds and other anti-erosive agents. In the presence of saliva, fluorides promote the formation of fluorapatite on teeth through remineralisation.
  • 784
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Treatment in Cleft Palate Patients
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are one of the most common congenital anomalies with a global prevalence of 1:700. Velopharyngeal insufficiency may occur as a result of an anatomical or structural defect and may be present in patients with cleft lip and palate. The treatment options presented in the literature are varied, covering invasive and non-invasive methods.
  • 780
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Improving Consistency of Photobiomodulation Therapy
One of the molecular mechanisms for this treatment implicates the mitochondrial enzyme, cytochrome C oxidase. However, the efficacy and consistency of clinical outcomes with photobiomodulation treatments has been fiercely debated. This work was motivated by this need to improve photobiomodulation devices and delivery approaches.
  • 777
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate
Researchers already improved the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. The present results indicate that the hydrothermal addition of 1.4 wt% MgO to the particle surface of β- TCP particle significantly increased cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and resulted in more new bone regeneration from histologic and micro-CT evaluation in vivo compared to the β-TCP control particles; altogether, Mg was advantageous to commercial β-TCP bone regeneration.
  • 776
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Prevention and Treatment of Oral Complications
Phase I, before initiation of cancer treatment (review of medical record and oral history, planning of preventive strategies and dental treatments); phase II, from initiation of chemo-radiotherapy to 30–45 days post-therapy (maintenance of oral hygiene, reinforcement of parent/patient education in oral care, prevention and treatment of complications derived from cancer treatment); phase III, from 1 year to lifetime (periodic check-ups, maintenance, and reinforcement of oral hygiene, dental treatments, symptomatic care of the effects of long-term cancer treatment). The use of standardised protocols can avoid or minimise oral cancer complications and the side effects of cancer therapies. 
  • 771
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Desquamative Gingivitis
Desquamative gingivitis is a clinical condition with a chronic course, not specific to a particular disease, characterized by intense erythema, scaling, vesicles, and/or blisters that may involve both the marginal free gingiva (MG) and the neighboring adherent gingiva (AG). 
  • 771
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity
Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18–24 months.
  • 762
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Medication-Induced Dry Mouth
Dry mouth is common among older people, affecting between 20% and 30% of those over 65. There are two aspects to the condition. Salivary gland hypofunction (SGH) is the state of having low salivary flow, while xerostomia refers to the subjective sensation of dry mouth.
  • 757
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bisphosphonates and Their Influence on the Implant Failure
The use of bisphosphonate (BP) may impair the osseointegration. It is a class of drugs that are frequently selected when there is an alteration in the bone metabolism, which are utilized to prevent bone loss. It can be administered orally (e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly) for treatment of osteoporosis and Paget’s disease, or intravenously (every 3 months or annually) to treat malignant skeletal oncological diseases.
  • 757
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Oral Health Status in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Patients
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity. Both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have an increased odds of periodontitis coincidence compared to the controls. Moreover, in most studies, patients with IBD are characterized by higher values of caries indices. In conclusion, the risk of oral diseases in IBD patients cannot be clearly established due to the possible association of other factors, e.g., sociodemographic or environmental factors.
  • 751
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNA Transcriptome
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent a research hotspot by playing a key role in epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of diverse biological functions. Due to their involvement in DNA translational control, their regulation of mRNA and protein expression levels and their ability to reprogram cellular signaling pathways in oral inflammatory diseases, ncRNA could be used to diagnose and predict disease and to improve patient-tailored treatments, as integral part of precision medicine for oral inflammatory diseases. 
  • 750
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mandibular Flexion on Implant-Supported Full-Arch Rehabilitations
Mandibular flexion (MF) is a complex biomechanical phenomenon, which involves a deformation of the mandible, due mainly to the contraction of the masticatory muscles, and it can have numerous clinical effects. The deformation of the lower jaw caused by mandibular flexion is generally very small, and it is often overlooked and considered irrelevant from a clinical point of view by many authors; however, it should be important to remember that median mandibular flexure (MMF) has a multifactorial aetiology. 
  • 749
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Luteolin in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, are secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic environments, including UV radiation, high light intensity, low/high temperatures, and attacks from pathogens, among others.
  • 744
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Antisclerostin Effect on Osseointegration and Bone
Sclerostin is a glycoprotein encoded in humans by the SOST gene. It is located on chromosome 17q12-q21, with a C-terminal cysteine knot-like (CTCK) domain. It has a similar sequence also to DAN (Differential screening-selected gene Aberrative in Neuroblastoma), an antagonist’s family of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). Sclerostin is primarily produced and secreted by osteocytes. Moreover, it is a negative key regulator of osteoblastic functions. It inhibits osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway after binding with LRP5 and 6 (Wnt-coreceptor). This canonical Wnt signaling (Wnt/β-catenin pathway) is essential in bone healing. It promotes pre-osteoblast proliferation and osteo-induction, enhances survival of all cells of the osteoblast lineage, inhibits differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrocytes and adipocytes and controls osteoclast maturation by regulating RANKL levels in osteoblast receptors.
  • 740
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Factors That Influence the Accuracy of Intraoral Scanners
Intraoral scanners (IOSs) have become increasingly popular in the field of dentistry for capturing accurate digital impressions of patients’ teeth and oral structures. The accuracy of intraoral scanning is influenced by various factors such as scanner selection, operator skill, calibration, patient’s oral anatomy, ambient conditions, and scanning aids. Maintaining updated software and understanding factors beyond scanner resolution are crucial for optimal accuracy. Conversely, smaller IOS tips, fast scanning speeds, and specific scanning patterns compromise the accuracy and precision. By understanding these factors, dental professionals can make more informed decisions and enhance the accuracy of IOSs, leading to improved final dental restorations.
  • 739
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Endodontic Regenerative Procedures in Necrotic Adult Teeth
Regenerative endodontic procedures (from now on REPs) have been defined as ‘biologically based procedures that intend to physiologically replace damaged tooth structures, including dentine and root, as well as cells of the pulp–dentin complex’. REPs were first exclusively developed for the treatment of immature teeth, with the purpose of achieving a complete root development. Nevertheless, these procedures can also restore tooth vitality and pulp functions thanks to the pulp tissue regeneration. Thus, sensibility, immunity, healing, and restorative properties of dental pulp would also be recovered, in turn reducing the chances of reinfection. For that reason, the feasibility of this treatment in mature teeth should be further studied, as until now, conservative treatment for irreversible necrosis or pulpitis has been limited to conventional endodontic therapy. 
  • 733
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Temporomandibular Joint Disorder Epidemiology
Temporomandibular disorders of all varieties affect people in every culture on every continent, affecting up to 11% of children and even as high as 31% of adults.
  • 729
  • 17 Aug 2023
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