Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Antigen Targeted Therapy for LS
Lynch syndrome (LS) and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) are hereditary disorders which significantly increase a person’s risk of developing a variety of cancers such as colorectal, endometrial, brain and, for CMMRD also, haematological malignancies. This increased cancer risk is due to inherited mutations in specific types of DNA repair genes, which hampers repair of mispaired or damaged bases during DNA replication. As a consequence, somatic mutations rapidly accumulate and typically include insertions and deletions (indels) in microsatellites that potentially can give rise to neoantigens. These neoantigens open up avenues for neoantigen-targeting immune therapies.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Landscapes
Urban landscapes are under great pressure and particularly vulnerable, due to climate change, population growth and economic development. Despite the growing understanding that Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) represent efficient solutions to facilitate adaptation to climate change and increase cities’ resilience, their wide-scale adoption is still limited. There is a need to include NBS in urban governance and planning agendas through policy instruments, such as plan/legislative, economic and information instruments. However, there is a lack of studies that assess such policy instruments and, through the use of specific examples, how they can foster NBS adoption.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
MRNA Therapies
Currently, mRNA appears as a very promising and innovative therapeutic approach for diseases associated with functional loss of proteins, through the administration of a synthetic mRNA, which promotes the reestablishment of protein levels and restores its function. Moreover, mRNA can create new cellular functions, for example for passive immunization, allowing to stimulate the immune system, through the translation of antigenic mRNA for specific cell recognition (e.g., cancer cells) or antibody production. The fact that a relatively small amount of encoded antigen, from a synthetic mRNA, can be sufficient to obtain robust signs of efficacy, is one of the main advantages of using this biomolecule in immunotherapy. However, the global success of such mRNA-based treatments depends on a high number of these biomolecules and an effective in vivo delivery to target cells involved in a given disease. After proving that in vivo mRNA administration is possible and viable, the concept of using mRNA as a therapeutic basis was readily accepted and used in a variety of diseases, including diabetes, HIV infection, anemia, hemophilia, myocardial infarction, cancer, asthma, metabolic disorders, fibrosis, skeletal degeneration and neurological disorders, such as Friedreich’s ataxia and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dental Implants in People with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Dental implants have a high survival rate in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Therefore, dental implants may be a viable treatment option for replacing missing teeth.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Catalase (CAT) Gene Family in Wheat
Catalases (CATs) are considered the most potent (reactive oxygen species) ROS scavengers because of their strong affinity for H2O2.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change Education
Climate Change Education (CCE) is one of the initiatives taken to deliver the facts about the current climate status of the world and the proper mitigation actions that need to be done to the youth, as they will be the ones who will have to face and deal with the consequences of climate change.; thus, CCE has now become a critical factor in strengthening the climate change awareness of young people. CCE is one of the sub-areas of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) where the focus is on the complexity and challenges involved in understanding and responding to the impact of climate change; furthermore, the implementation of CCE in ESD should include a holistic and integrated view of all dimensions, covering the ecological, economic, and social aspects of the consequences of climate change.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Biosensing Applications of PC-12 Cell Line
The immortalized PC-12 cell line demonstrated to be a classical neuronal cell model derived from rat pheochromocytoma with the ability to acquire the sympathetic neurons features in a differentiation process in the presence of nerve growth factor. PC-12 cell line was shown to be the preferred model in neurobiology study using biosensing devices. The analytical achievements and applicability of reported biosensing devices in PC-12 cultures for the detection of ions, neurotransmitters, and cellular events are summarized.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Biological Effects of Squalamine and Its Aminosterol Derivatives
Squalamine is a natural aminosterol that has been discovered in the tissues of the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias). Studies have previously demonstrated that this promoter compound and its derivatives exhibit potent bactericidal activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria, and multidrug-resistant bacteria. The antibacterial activity of squalamine was found to correlate with that of other antibiotics, such as colistin and polymyxins. Still, in the field of microbiology, evidence has shown that squalamine and its derivatives have antifungal activity, antiprotozoa effect against a limited list of protozoa, and could exhibit antiviral activity against both RNA- and DNA-enveloped viruses. Furthermore, squalamine and its derivatives have been identified as being antiangiogenic compounds in the case of several types of cancers and induce a potential positive effect in the case of other diseases such as experimental retinopathy and Parkinson’s disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Attack Graph Based on Vulnerability Correlation
As network technology has advanced, and as larger and larger quantities of data are being collected, networks are becoming increasingly complex. Various vulnerabilities are being identified in such networks, and related attacks are continuously occurring. To solve these problems and improve the overall quality of network security, a network risk scoring technique using attack graphs and vulnerability information must be used. This technology calculates the degree of risk by collecting information and related vulnerabilities in the nodes and the edges existing in the network-based attack graph, and then determining the degree of risk in a specific network location or the degree of risk occurring when a specific route is passed within the network.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hope Mars Mission
The Hope Mars Mission (Arabic: مسبار الأمل) also called Emirates Mars Mission, is a planned space exploration probe mission to Mars funded by the United Arab Emirates and built by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, the University of Colorado and Arizona State University and set for launch in 2020. The probe will study the climate daily and through seasonal cycles, the weather events in the lower atmosphere such as dust storms, as well as the weather on Mars different geographic areas. The probe will attempt to answer the scientific community questions of why Mars atmosphere is losing hydrogen and oxygen into space and the reason behind Mars drastic climate changes. The mission is being carried out by a team of Emirati engineers in collaboration with foreign research institutions, and is a contribution towards a knowledge-based economy in the UAE. The probe has been named Hope or Al-Amal (Arabic: الأمل) and it is scheduled to reach Mars in 2021, which coincides with the 50th anniversary of the United Arab Emirates' formation.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Based Adhesives for Orthopedic Applications
Bone fracture healing involves complex physiological processes that require biological events that are well coordinated. The process of fracture healing has been upheld through various treatments, including bone implants and bio-adhesive utilization. Bio-adhesion can be interpreted as the process in which synthetic or natural materials adhere to body surfaces. Bio-based adhesives have superiority in many value-added applications because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and large molecular weight. The increased variety and utilization of bio-based materials with strong adhesion characteristics provide new possibilities in the field of orthopedics in terms of using bio-based adhesives with excellent resorbability, biocompatibility, ease of use, and low immunoreactivity.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples
Climate change disproportionately impacts indigenous people around the world, especially in terms of their health, environments, and communities. Indigenous people found in Africa, the Arctic, Asia, Australia, the Caribbean, Latin America, North America and the Pacific have strategies and traditional knowledge to adapt to climate change. These knowledge systems can be beneficial for their own adaptation to climate change as well as applicable to non-indigenous people.   The majority of the world’s biological, ecological, and cultural diversity is located within Indigenous territories. There are over 370 million indigenous peoples found across 90+ countries. Approximately 22% of the planet's land is comprised of indigenous territories, varying slightly depending on how indigeneity and land usage is determined. Indigenous people have the important role of the main knowledge keepers within their communities, including knowledge relating to the maintenance of social-ecological systems. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People recognizes that Indigenous people have specific knowledge, traditional practices, and cultural customs that can contribute to the proper and sustainable management of ecological resources. Indigenous Peoples have a myriad of experiences with the effects of climate change because of the varying geographical areas they inhabit across the globe and because of the differences in cultures and livelihoods. Indigenous Peoples have a wide variety of experiences that Western science is beginning to include in its research of climate change and its potential solutions. The concepts of ancestral knowledge and traditional practices are increasingly respected and considered in Western scientific research.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Advances in Tumor Organoids
Tumor organoids are defined as self-organized three-dimensional assemblies of heterogeneous cell types derived from patient samples that mimic the key histopathological, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. This technology is proposed as an ideal candidate for the evaluation of possible therapies against cancer, presenting advantages over other models which are currently used.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of Bacterial Lon Protease
Proteases are the group of enzymes that carry out proteolysis in all forms of life and play an essential role in cell survival. By acting on specific functional proteins, proteases affect the transcriptional and post-translational pathways in a cell. Lon, FtsH, HslVU and the Clp family are among the ATP-dependent proteases responsible for intracellular proteolysis in bacteria. Also, in bacteria, Lon protease acts as a global regulator and governs an array of important functions such as DNA replication and repair, virulence factors, stress response and biofilm formation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Eurasian Griffon Vulture
Among species of Gyps, the Eurasian griffon G. fulvus is the most widespread vulture across Europe, Asia and Africa, with a reproductive distribution extending from Kazakhstan and Nepal to southern Europe via the Caucasus. The species is now considered extinct as a breeding species in North Africa, where mainly records of nomadic juveniles or migratory overwintering adults are reported.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ni-Based Catalysts Supported on Mg-Al Mixed Oxides
Ni-based catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) have been intensively investigated as catalysts for CH4 reforming processes (i.e., steam reforming (SMR) and dry reforming (DRM)), which are pivotal actors in the expanding H2 economy.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of COVID-19
The WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020, which was caused by novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 made its first entry into the world in November 2019, and the first case was detected in Wuhan, China. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome distressed life in almost every discipline by the extended production of novel viral variants.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Mental Health in the Digital World
Mental health in the digital world means technology has been used to improve mental health, after the COVID-19 pandemic. Human beings are already in the mental health is health paradigm, without which everything else ceases to make sense or even to exist. Scientific events are essential for maturing and debating the science. As such, it is suggested a reflection on a paradigm shift that is taking place, which is mental health is also health. This change occurs, particularly in this post-pandemic context, and people try to reflect on how digital tools can be built to improve the population's mental health. The cost to society is quite substantial. It is the second leading cause of disability and premature mortality—an excellent opportunity for collaborative research between human-computer interaction and mental health professionals. Interdisciplinary feedback is so important; when people work only with professionals from the same field, this feedback is missing out.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer
A large piece of knowledge suggests that most testicular cancers originate from a potential noxa during fetal life. Nevertheless, the environment, familial history, ethnicity as well as diet and occupational exposures are other important actors involved in testis carcinogenesis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Salt Stress Tolerance in Crops
The use of beneficial microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere (PGPR) is a promising tool to alleviate salt stress in various crops and represents a strategy to increase agricultural productivity in salt soils. Increasing evidence underlines that PGPR affect plant physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to salt stress. The mechanisms behind these phenomena include osmotic adjustment, modulation of the plant antioxidant system, ion homeostasis, modulation of the phytohormonal balance, increase in nutrient uptake, and the formation of biofilms
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 2729
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback