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Topic Review
EncFS
EncFS is a Free (LGPL) FUSE-based cryptographic filesystem. It transparently encrypts files, using an arbitrary directory as storage for the encrypted files. Two directories are involved in mounting an EncFS filesystem: the source directory, and the mountpoint. Each file in the mountpoint has a specific file in the source directory that corresponds to it. The file in the mountpoint provides the unencrypted view of the one in the source directory. Filenames are encrypted in the source directory. Files are encrypted using a volume key, which is stored either within or outside the encrypted source directory. A password is used to decrypt this key.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ICIs for Locally Advanced Resectable ESCC
Esophageal cancer has a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis, with more than one-third of patients receiving a diagnosis of locally advanced cancer. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the dominant histological subtype of esophageal cancer in Asia and Eastern Europe. Although neoadjuvant or definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been the standard treatment for locally advanced ESCC, patient outcomes remain unsatisfactory, with recurrence rates as high as 30–50%. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and CRT has emerged as a novel strategy to treat esophageal cancer, and it may have a synergistic action and provide greater efficacy.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
External Memory (Psychology)
External memory is memory that uses cues from the environment to aid remembrance of ideas and sensations. When a person uses something beside one's own internal memory tricks, traits, or talents to help them remember certain events, facts, or even things to do, they are using an external memory aid. External memory aids are used every day. A large part of these aids come from technology; people use their smartphones to remind them when they have meetings and Facebook reminds people of their friends' birthdays. These aids also include taking notes in class, carrying a grocery list to the supermarket, or jotting down dates on a planner. Even people, or prompters, can be used as external memory aids.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New-Onset Liver Injuries Due to COVID-19
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted the world and caused the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The clinical manifestations of the virus can vary from patient to patient, depending on their respective immune system and comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 can affect patients through two mechanisms: directly by targeting specific receptors or by systemic mechanisms.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
There are several risk factors of HCC such as viral hepatitis (B, C), cirrhosis, tobacco and alcohol use, aflatoxin-contaminated food, pesticides, diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic and genetic diseases. Diagnosis of HCC is based on different methods such as imaging ultrasonography (US), multiphasic enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and several diagnostic biomarkers.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Background on Exoskeletons
Robotic exoskeletons are wearable devices with rigid links and mechanical joints corresponding to the anatomy of the human body. Even though different body locations have different anatomical properties and complexities that might require different design choices, the main variable defining an exoskeleton design is its application field.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Remote Sensing Object Detection
Remote sensing image object detection holds signifificant research value in resources and the environment. Nevertheless, complex background information and considerable size differences between objects in remote sensing images make it challenging.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Advancement in UV-Visible-IR Camouflage Textiles & Camouflage Physics
Optical theory of Camouflage engineering has been invented for defence protection. This optical theory can be implemented by defence scientists to explore camouflage products and multidimensional branches of optical technologies. Advancement in ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-IR) camouflage engineering has been designed for defence protection. Camouflage physics has been explained through camouflage textiles and camouflage materials. This technique of camouflage engineering can be explored to defence technology for the design and manufacturing of combat product against multidimensional combat backgrounds such as dry leaves, green leaves, tree bark-woodland combat background; water-marine combat background; sand-desertland combat background; stone-stoneland combat background; snow-snowland combat background; sky combat background; ice-iceland combat background and concrete-concreteland combat background (DGTWSICB). This is a novel addition of camouflage technology for the engineering progress of camouflage product design. Hence, camouflage engineering has been briefly reported by “Anowar Hossain’s invention of camouflage physics at PhD School, first version submitted to Nobel committee for Nobel nomination in 2023 under affiliation of RMIT University”. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29936.23048, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8286832
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lesser Grison
The Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja) is a small carnivorous mammal native to South America, belonging to the same family as weasels, otters, and ferrets. With its slender body, short legs, and distinctive black mask-like facial markings, the Lesser Grison is well-adapted for hunting and navigating diverse habitats such as grasslands, forests, and savannahs. Despite its small size, the Lesser Grison is a skilled predator, preying on a variety of small vertebrates including rodents, birds, reptiles, and insects.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Quorum Sensing in Microorganisms
The marine environment possesses diverse and complex characteristics, representing a significant challenge for microbial survival. Therefore, bacteria must develop adaptive mechanisms to thrive in such environments. Quorum sensing (QS), a well-established phenomenon in microorganisms, involves the communication between cells through chemical signals, which depends on cell density. Extensive research has been conducted on this microbial ability, encompassing the early stages of understanding QS to the latest advancements in the identification and characterization of its mechanisms. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus Translation Regulation
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus with an RNA genome of positive polarity. HCV replicates mainly in the liver and can cause liver disease, cirrhosis and cancer. Translation of the HCV RNA genome is regulated by the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) and other cis-elements in the viral RNA genome. The viral RNA usurps cellular ribosomes using a variety of viral RNA elements as well as by recruiting cellular RNA binding proteins. Here, we give a comprehensive overview over the determinants involved in the regulation of HCV translation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Demographic Factors’ Influence on Regional Productivity Growth
Improving total factor productivity is an important way for China's economy to avoid the middle income trap. Demographic changes are believed to have significant impacts on productivity growth. Analyzing data from China's prefecture administrative units on both 2000 and 2010 provides solid evidence supporting the impact of demographic changes on productivity growth. First, population density plays an important role in both years. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between population density and productivity growth. Second, human capital stock has a significant positive impact in both years while human capital inequality becomes insignificant in 2010. This is likely a result of China's education equality policies. Third, the impact of the aging of workers and their migration status on productivity growth also changed over the decade. Different cohorts of workers and migrants have had different influences on productivity growth because of their different access to higher education.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Toxungen
A toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a huge impact on health and economic issues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes cellular damage by entry mediated by the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of the host cells and its conjugation with spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Beyond airway infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury is common in SARS-CoV-2-associated infection, and acute kidney injury (AKI) is predictive to multiorgan dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Beyond the cytokine storm and hemodynamic instability, SARS-CoV-2 might directly induce kidney injury and cause histopathologic characteristics, including acute tubular necrosis, podocytopathy and microangiopathy. The expression of apparatus mediating SARS-CoV-2 entry, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), within the renal tubular cells is highly associated with acute kidney injury mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Both entry from the luminal and basolateral sides of the renal tubular cells are the possible routes for COVID-19, and the microthrombi associated with severe sepsis and the dysregulated renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system worsen further renal injury in SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI. In the podocytes of the glomerulus, injured podocyte expressed CD147, which mediated the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and worsen further foot process effacement, which would worsen proteinuria, and the chronic hazard induced by SARS-CoV-2-mediated kidney injury is still unknown. Therefore, the aim of the review is to summarize current evidence on SARS-CoV-2-associated AKI and the possible pathogenesis directly by SARS-CoV-2.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Spondylocostal Dysostosis
Spondylocostal dysostosis is a group of conditions characterized by abnormal development of bones in the spine and ribs. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are misshapen and abnormally joined together (fused). Many people with this condition have abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis) due to malformation of the vertebrae. In addition to spinal abnormalities, some of the rib bones may be fused together or missing. Affected individuals have short, rigid necks and short torsos because of the bone malformations. As a result, people with spondylocostal dysostosis have short bodies but normal-length arms and legs, called short-trunk dwarfism.  
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Coffin-Siris Syndrome
Coffin-Siris syndrome is a condition that affects several body systems. Although there are many variable signs and symptoms, hallmarks of this condition include developmental disability, abnormalities of the fifth (pinky) fingers or toes, and characteristic facial features.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
EP300 Gene
E1A binding protein p300
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hepatitis E Virus Infection
Infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents the most common source of viral hepatitis globally. Although infecting over 20 million people annually in endemic regions, with major outbreaks described since the 1950s, hepatitis E remains an underestimated disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Walnut Bacterial Blight Disease
The interaction between the plant host, walnut (Juglans regia; Jr), and a deadly pathogen (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis 417; Xaj) can lead to walnut bacterial blight (WB), which depletes walnut productivity by degrading the nut quality. Here, we dissect this pathosystem using tandem mass tag quantitative proteomics. Walnut hull tissues inoculated with Xaj were compared to mock-inoculated tissues, and 3972 proteins were identified, of which 3296 are from Jr and 676 from Xaj. Proteins with differential abundance include oxidoreductases, proteases, and enzymes involved in energy metabolism and amino acid interconversion pathways. Defense responses and plant hormone biosynthesis were also increased. Xaj proteins detected in infected tissues demonstrate its ability to adapt to the host microenvironment, limiting iron availability, coping with copper toxicity, and maintaining energy and intermediary metabolism. Secreted proteases and extracellular secretion apparatus such as type IV pilus for twitching motility and type III secretion effectors indicate putative factors recognized by the host. Taken together, these results suggest intense degradation processes, oxidative stress, and general arrest of the biosynthetic metabolism in infected nuts. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms and highlight potential molecular tools for early detection and disease control strategies.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
3D Printing of ECHs
Electrically conductive hydrogels (ECHs), an emerging class of biomaterials, have garnered tremendous attention due to their potential for a wide variety of biomedical applications, from tissue-engineered scaffolds to smart bioelectronics. Along with the development of new hydrogel systems, 3D printing of such ECHs is one of the most advanced approaches towards rapid fabrication of future biomedical implants and devices with versatile designs and tuneable functionalities.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 May 2021
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