Introduction

Camouflage is a deceiving technique to conceal the target signature in terms of chromatic blending between target signature and combat backgrounds. Camouflage technique is an optical defense against modern surveillance in UV-Vis-IR spectrums. Chromatic and optical blending between target signature and combat backgrounds confuse the defence target for protection of opposition team. Camouflage textiles is an applied branch for optical concealing against multidimensional combat backgrounds, DGTWSICB. Every concealing ability depends on chromatic, achromatic and optical symmetry between target signature and combat backgrounds. Extended spectrums and multidimensional combat backgrounds have been focused in terms of optical theory and electron theory for concealing ability. Furthermore, an applied branch of camouflage engineering has been deeply focused through camouflage textiles. Hence material design and method design, experimentation, laboratory trialling and field trialling for camouflage product design have been extended in UV-Vis-IR spectrums. A brief statement of invention has also been designed by “Anowar Hossain’s invention of camouflage physics at PhD School, first version submitted to Nobel committee for Nobel nomination in 2023 under affiliation of RMIT University”. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29936.23048, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8286832

Motivation for the development of camouflage engineering for defence protection

Surveillance technologies are being developed and developed in extended electromagnetic spectrums in UV-Vis-NIR. Still now, research & development of camouflage engineering is very limited for international platform of defence technologies. There is enormous limitation of camouflage technologies to fulfil the current requirements of camouflage product design against multidimensional CBs, DGTWSICB. It is very crucial that every product design & material design of defence technology need to consider for camouflage engineering. Addition of hyperspectral camera in UV-Vis-IR spectrums is also challenging fact for defence protection and right design of camouflage product.

Illumination principle and camouflage physics for concealment, detection, recognition and identification (CDRI) of target signature in UV-Vis-IR against multidimensional CBs-DGTWSICB

Variations of spectrums in UV-Vis-IR between target signature and combat background explained through Equ. 1-7. CDRI principle has been illustrated according to established theory of wavelength-reflection-electron energy-photonic signal such as Einstein theory of energy [1], Broglie relation of wavelength [2] [3], Snell’s law of reflection [4, 5] and photon energy of Max Planck [6]. Illumination in the form of energy creates photonic signal for surveillance and imaging of target signature against multidimensional CBs-DGTWSICB. Camouflage physics relates to optical mechanism between target signature and combat background. Camouflage engineering and color engineering plays the optical deviations of CDRI in the vein of wavelength-reflection-electron energy-photonic signal. Optical physics of camouflage acts for four stage optical response to imaging device for CDRI which are signified in below.

Ø First stage of optical response to imaging device for CDRI

Temperature deviation between target signature and combat background denotes camouflage engineering for CDRI. Color engineering versus temperature represents chromatic response to imaging device for CDRI.

Ø Second stage of optical response to imaging device for CDRI

Electron energy deviation between target signature and combat background represents camouflage engineering for CDRI. Color engineering versus electron energy epitomizes chromatic response to imaging device for CDRI.

Ø Third stage of optical response to imaging device for CDRI

Variations of reflection between target signature and combat background denotes camouflage engineering for CDRI. Color engineering versus reflection mechanism signifies chromatic response to imaging device for CDRI.

Ø Fourth stage of optical response to imaging device for CDRI

Variations of photonic signal between target signature and combat background relates to camouflage engineering for CDRI. Color engineering versus photonic signal generates chromatic response to imaging device of hyperspectral camera or digital camera.

1.1 Principle of optical engineering for CDRI in UV-Vis-IR spectrums

From Eq. 1 and 2, we can find the difference between the angular momentum of target signature and CB materials-DGTWSICB for CDRI of target signature.

Where, λ = wavelength of electron; Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10^-34 kgm²/s; P is the momentum of target CB materials or target signature, the P value manipulates the value of λ in UV-Vis-IR and chromatic appearance of target signature or target CB materials; m = mass of electron of target signature; and v = velocity of electron. By putting the value of h, m, and v in eq. 1, we can signify the wavelength. Wavelength in UV-Vis-IR spectrums controls spectral frequency-electron energy-photonic signal for chromatic and achromatic appearance/digital imaging/hyperspectral imaging of target signature against CB materials-DGTWSICB.

Where, P is the electron angular momentum of target signature; m is the mass of electron of target signature; v is the velocity of electron of target signature; and c is the velocity of the light. By putting the value of m, v, c_; we can find the angular momentum of target signature at different CB locations.

1.2 Optical principle of refractive index and reflection for CDRI in UV-Vis-IR spectrums

By putting the value of i and r in Eq. 3, we can find the refractive index of target CB and target signature.

Where, i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.

From Eq. 3, the difference of angle of refraction (Δn) for CDRI can be determined using Eq. 4,

Where, n₁ and n₂ are the refractive index of target CB and target signature. By putting the value of n₁ and n₂, we can signify CDRI of target signature against surrounding background in UV-Vis-IR. The value of n₂ will be almost zero or infinitive when the target signature will be high reflective or zero reflectance; hence the target will be concealed against CB. The minimum/maximum value will identify CDRI of target signature against CB.

Spectral and imaging signal of CDRI depends on velocity of light. From Eq. 5, the difference of velocity of light between CB and target materials for CDRI can be determined.

Where, c is the constant speed of light; c/n₁ determines the velocity of light of CB materials, and n₁ is the value of refractive index of CB materials; c/n₂ determines the velocity of light of target signature and n₂ is the value of refractive index of target signature.

1.3 Optical principle of electron energy and photon signal for CDRI in UV-Vis-IR spectrums

By determining the energy of photon signal of target CB and target signature, we can indicate CDRI of target signature against surrounding CB in UV-Vis-IR spectrums. When the difference of electron state between target signature and target CB nearest of zero or infinitive, the photon signal will follow the energy response to the camera sensor for imaging and spectral frequency of target OB. Therefore, the target signature will be concealed/confused against background materials, CBs-DGTWSICB. The higher energy difference for target CDRI, ΔE, as shown in Eq. 6 will signify the higher number of photons to the camera sensor for detection, recognition, and identification, respectively.

Where, Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10^-34 kgm²/s; λ is the wavelength of electron; the term h c₁/λ determines the energy of photon signal of target CB materials, and c₁ is the velocity of the light for imaging of CB materials; the term h c₂/λ determines the energy of photon signal of target signature, and c₂ is the velocity of light for imaging of target signature.

1.4 Optical principle of spectral reflectance for CDRI in UV-Vis-IR spectrums

If target signature shows zero reflection, the electron energy of photon signal states at the rest position of acceleration. At rest position of electron is considered for a target signature of zero reflection materials; and a voltage difference is considered as V volts. The wavelength for identifying CDRI can be determined by using De Broglie equation of wavelength.

Where, Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10^-34 kgm²/s; constant mass of electron, m = 9.1 ×10^-31 kg; constant electron charge, e = 1.6 ×10^-19 C; v is the velocity of electron energy carried by photon for creation of imaging signal.

For low reflection/zero reflection materials, electron velocity (v) will be almost zero; and for high reflection materials the electron velocity (v) will be infinitive. Therefore, spectral signal will not be detected for the chromatic appearance and the target signature will be denoted as concealed. Accordingly, detection, recognition, and identification of target signature will be signified by the specific value of velocity of electron energy.

Author information

Professor Dr. Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain [7] [8-34] [35-39] [8-16, 31, 35-125] [7] [8-34] [35-39] [8-16, 31, 35-124, 126, 127]

http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18182.34883/1

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2880-6287

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Engr-Md-Hossain

www.linkedin.com/in/engr-md-anowar-hossain-PhD-RMIT

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78. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Application of Computer in Textiles. 17 May 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
79. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Chemistry (Part-1). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
80. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Chemistry (Part-2). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
81. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Color Engineering for Textile Engineers (Part-01). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
82. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Color Engineering for Textile Engineers (Part-4). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
83. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
84. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Elements of Mechanical Engineering. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
85. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Elements of Theory of Machine and Machine Design. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
86. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Environment and Safety Management. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
87. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Fabric Structure and Design. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
88. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Garments Manufacturing Technology. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
89. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Industrial Economics. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
90. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook International Trade and Marketing Management. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
91. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Machine Technology & Maintenance of Wet Processing Machineries. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
92. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Materials Engineering and Practices. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
93. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Microprocessor, Robotics and Control Engineering. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
94. Hossain, M.A., Md. Anowar Hossain, Anowar’s Handbook on Polymer Science & Engineering. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
95. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Statistics for Engineer. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
96. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Technical Textiles. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
97. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Physics (Part-1). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
98. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Testing and Quality Control (Part-2). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
99. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Testing and Quality Control (Part-1). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
100. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Testing & Quality Control (Part-3). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
101. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Raw Materials II. 2010: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
102. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Raw Materials I. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
103. Hossain, M.A., "Cut the cost of defence and invest more for education" when Self-studying of a student from primary schooling to PhD schooling is an automatic contribution to national and worldwide development without getting money Accepted in Scientific Research Publishing, 2023.
104. Hossain, M.A., Anowar’s Handbook on Textile Project Management. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh.
105. Hossain, M.A., PhD scholarship is an honour of a PhD candidate, PhD scholarship is comparatively lower paid job, PhD scholarship is a self-sacrifice and future investment for achieving a quality PhD degree in a quality schooling platform. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia.
106. Hossain, M.A., Reporting to Tertiary Education Quality & Standards Agency of Australian Government for compliance investigation of unethical PhD suspension, unethical scholarship suspension, psychologist bullying of school administration and cancellation of PhD enrolment of Md. Anowar Hossain, PhD ID: 3820066 under the official act of hidden life threatening and killing conspiracy to kill PhD candidate, Md. Anowar Hossain when few complaint letters against Professor Dr. Rajiv Padhye were submitted to the whole concern of RMIT University including Professor (Dr.) Alec Cameron, Vice Chancellor, RMIT University; Professor Calum Drummond, Deputy Vice Chancellor, Research and Innovation, RMIT University; Dr. Scott Mayson, Associate dean, Research and Innovation; Dr. Andrea Eckersley, HDR coordinator, School of Fashion & Textiles; Professor (Dr.) Lijing Wang, Senior Supervisor and Emeritus Professor (Dr.) Robert Shanks, Associate supervisor, School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University when PhD candidate contributed for 42 month duration (full time) PhD candidature under nonpaid scholarship of one year duration under Australian Government RTP Stipend Scholarship. . 2023: School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University; 25 Dawson Street, Melbourne, Vic-3056, Australia.
107. Hossain, M.A., Invitation of PhD Researchers in international platform for global peace of mankind, a.f.P.e.a.o.t.w.o.A. Professor Dr. Anowar Hossain’s Knowledge Industry, engr.anowar@yahoo.com, Editor. 2023.
108. Hossain, M.A., Reporting for psychologist involvement of Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain, delegate of Vice Chancellor, RMIT University as per office order of RMIT University, Australia. 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia.
109. Hossain, M.A., Self-declared certificate on PhD (Fashion & Textiles). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia.
110. Hossain, M.A., Self-declared certificate on Scientist (Camouflage Physics), R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia, Editor. 2023: Australia.
111. Hossain, M.A., Self-declared certificate on Professor (Textile Engineering). 2023: School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia.
112. Hossain, M.A., Compliance, cost minimization & production support for textile industry, R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia, Editor. 2023.
113. Hossain, M.A., Services for crime in higher education & quality enhancement in an international platform, R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; (engr.anowar@yahoo.com), Editor. 2023.
114. Hossain, M.A., Services for crime protection and crime analysis for the peace of mankind in an international platform, R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; Department of Textile Engineering, City University, Khagan, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh, Editor. 2023.
115. Hossain, M.A., Anowar Hossain’s Dream, Motivation, Research & Personal Details for attending at RMIT University whatever reported to Australian High Commissioner and Australian Visa Office whatever worked in 2018-2019, R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia, Editor. 2023.
116. Hossain, M.A., Specialized services and payment rate of Professor (Dr.) Md. Anowar Hossain, R.U. School of Fashion and Textiles, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia, Editor. 2023.
117. Hossain, M.A. Power Point Presentation on Camouflage Textiles against advanced surveillance of defence in UV-Vis-IR spectrums for Multidimensional Combat Backgrounds. in 5th Edition of International Conference on Materials Science and Engineering. 2023. Olympia Hotel, Events & Spa Carrer Mestre Serrano, 5, 46120 Alboraia, Valencia, Spain.
118. Hossain, M.A. Power Point Presentation on Camouflage Textiles with Technical Coloration Incorporating Illumination under Multidimensional Combat Backgrounds. in School of fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick Campus, Melbourne, Vic-3056, Australia, 2022. 2023.
119. Hossain, M.A. Power Point Presentation on Applications and Engineering of Geotextiles. in Department of Textile Engineering, City university, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh (engr.anowar@yahoo.com). 2018.
120. Hossain, M.A. Power Point Presentation on Combined dyeing and cosmetic finishing of woven cotton fabric for garments. in Department of Jute and Fibre technology, Institute of Jute Technology, University of Calcutta, India. 2015.
121. Hossain, M.A., A short summery and evidences of Australian Government RTP Stipend Scholarship for Md. Anowar Hossain, PhD student ID: 3820066, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. 2023, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
122. Hossain, M.A., Decision of RMIT University against Professor (Dr.) Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain, School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University when Professor (Dr.) Rajiv Padhye did a conspiracy to kill Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain, PhD candidate, School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University supervised by Professor (Dr.) Lijing Wang and Emeritus Professor (Dr.) Robert Shanks, School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University; Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain faced hidden conspiracy of life threatening and notified to Professor (Dr.) Alec Cameron, Vice Chancellor and delegate, RMIT University 2023, School of Fashion & Textiles, RMIT University, Australia.
123. Hossain, M.A., Reporting to Victoria Legal Aid, Australia for the grant of legal assistance for ethical defending for the peace in PhD education against conspiracy of life-threatening and PhD harassment in Australian PhD School. 2023, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia; (engr.anowar@yahoo.com).
124. Hossain, M.A., Reporting to Honorable Minister, Department of Home Affairs, Australia and delegates for activation and extension of VISA of Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain, Delegate of Vice Chancellor, RMIT University until the final order of Australian Supreme Court, Australian human rights commission and chief authorities of Australian Government relates to PhD harassment and conspiracy of life-threatening of Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain. 2023, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia, engr.anowar@yahoo.com.
125. Hossain, M.A., Anowar Hossain’s invention of camouflage physics at PhD School, first version submitted to Nobel committee for Nobel nomination in 2023 under affiliation of RMIT University. 2023, School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, 25 Dawson Street, Brunswick, Melbourne, VIC 3056, Australia.
126. Hossain, M.A., Professor (Dr.) Engr. Md. Anowar Hossain, in Scholarly Community Encyclopedia. 2023.
127. Hossain, M.A., Advancement in UV-Visible-IR Camouflage Textiles and Camouflage Physics, in Scholarly Community Encyclopedia. 2023.