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Topic Review
Curved Lipid Membranes
Eukaryotic cells contain membranes with various curvatures, from the near-plane plasma membrane to the highly curved membranes of organelles, vesicles, and membrane protrusions. These curvatures are generated and sustained by curvature-inducing proteins, peptides, and lipids, and describing these mechanisms is an important scientific challenge. In addition to that, some molecules can sense membrane curvature and thereby be trafficked to specific locations. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
GIS-Based Cropland Suitability Prediction Using Machine Learning
The increasing global demand for food has forced farmers to produce higher crop yields in order to keep up with population growth, while maintaining sustainable production for the environment. The conventional method for calculating cropland suitability in previous studies was a geographic information system (GIS)-based multicriteria analysis, dominantly in combination with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Although this is a flexible and widely accepted method, it has significant fundamental drawbacks, such as a lack of accuracy assessment, high subjectivity, computational inefficiency, and an unsystematic approach to selecting environmental criteria. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculants
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) inoculants are sustainable biological materials that can provide several benefits to plants, especially in disturbed agroecosystems and in the context of phytomanagement interventions.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Burgess Shale Type Preservation
The Burgess Shale of British Columbia is famous for its exceptional preservation of mid-Cambrian organisms. Around 40 other sites have been discovered of a similar age, with soft tissues preserved in a similar, though not identical, fashion. Additional sites with a similar form of preservation are known from the Ediacaran and Ordovician periods. These various shales are of great importance in the reconstruction of the ecosystems immediately after the Cambrian explosion. The taphonomic regime results in soft tissue being preserved, which means that organisms without hard parts that could be conventionally fossilised can be seen; also, we gain an insight into the organs of more familiar organisms such as the trilobites. The most famous localities preserving organisms in this fashion are the Canadian Burgess Shale, the Chinese Chengjiang fauna, and the more remote Sirius Passet in north Greenland. However, a number of other localities also exist.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Descartes' Rule of Signs
In mathematics, Descartes' rule of signs, first described by René Descartes in his work La Géométrie, is a technique for getting information on the number of positive real roots of a polynomial. It asserts that the number of positive roots is at most the number of sign changes in the sequence of polynomial's coefficients (omitting the zero coefficients), and that the difference between these two numbers is always even. This implies, in particular, that if the number of sign changes is zero or one, then there are exactly zero or one positive roots, respectively. By a homographic transformation of the variable, one may use Descartes' rule of signs for getting a similar information on the number of roots in any interval. This is the basic idea of Budan's theorem and Budan–Fourier theorem. By repeating the division of an interval into two intervals, one gets eventually a list of disjoints intervals containing together all real roots of the polynomial, and containing each exactly one real root. Descartes rule of signs and homographic transformations of the variable are, nowadays, the basis of the fastest algorithms for computer computation of real roots of polynomials (see Real-root isolation). Descartes himself used the transformation x → –x for using his rule for getting information of the number of negative roots.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HP 9800 Series
The HP 9800 is a family of what were initially called programmable calculators and later desktop computers that were made by Hewlett-Packard, replacing their first HP 9100 calculator. It is also named "98 line". The 9830 and its successors were true computers in the modern sense of the term, complete with a powerful BASIC language interpreter.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Leaf Macro-Morphological Traits and Air Pollution
Urban trees provide different ecosystem benefits, such as improving air quality due to the retention of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) on their leaves. The LMTs most used for PM monitoring were leaf area (Q1) and specific leaf area (Q4). These LMTs were frequently used for their easy measurement and quantification.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Experienced Workplace Incivility and Instigated Workplace Incivility
Multiple forms of workplace incivility exist in organizations, including experienced workplace incivility and instigated workplace incivility. Workplace uncivil behaviors can have financial repercussions for the organization due to customer loss, bad reputation, low levels of creativity from employees, and high employee turnover intention. Employees being victims of experienced workplace incivility (EWI) may feel stress due to an unhealthy work environment and may ultimately respond with instigated workplace incivility (IWI).
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Graft-versus-Host Disease
Allogeneic cell therapies, defined by genetically mismatched transplantation, have the potential to become a cost-effective solution for cell-based cancer immunotherapy. This type of therapy is often accompanied by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), induced by the mismatched major histocompatibility complex (MHC) between healthy donors and recipients, leading to severe complications and death.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
AI Application in Rare Diseases
Emerging machine learning (ML) technologies have the potential to significantly improve the research and treatment of rare diseases, which constitute a vast set of diseases that affect a small proportion of the total population. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms can help to quickly identify patterns and associations that would be difficult or impossible for human analysts to detect. Predictive modeling techniques, such as deep learning, have been used to forecast the progression of rare diseases, enabling the development of more targeted treatments. Moreover, AI has also shown promise in the field of drug development for rare diseases with the identification of subpopulations of patients who may be most likely to respond to a particular drug.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ZEB Family Members in Cancer Progression
Post-translational modification (PTM), the essential regulatory mechanisms of proteins, play essential roles in physiological and pathological processes. In addition, PTM functions in tumour development and progression. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox (ZEB) family homeodomain transcription factors, such as ZEB1 and ZEB2, play a pivotal role in tumour progression and metastasis by induction epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with activation of stem cell traits, immune evasion and epigenetic reprogramming.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Grazing on Animal Productivity and the Environment
Grazing lands provide ecosystem services including regulation and storage of water flows, nutrient cycling, and C sequestration. Livestock grazing is the most important factor shaping and stabilizing pasture biodiversity. Some opportunities for pasture feeding are the health-promoting and nutritional qualities of milk and milk products, especially milk from pasture-fed cows. The beneficial effects of pasture feeding on animal health and welfare are not insignificant. Available organizational innovations can help better manage livestock grazing and, above all, better understand the impact of the grazing process on the environment and climate change.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Patients after COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It can lead to myocardial damage. Heart failure (HF) is a significant global health concern and is characterized as a clinical syndrome with symptoms caused by structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart, confirmed by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. The relationship between COVID-19 and heart failure is complex. SARS-CoV-2 can cause cardiac damage through the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Understanding the interactions between the disease and viruses is crucial for optimal patient care. However, the validity of screening for cardiovascular complications after COVID-19 remains unconfirmed, and individualized diagnosis procedures are necessary based on the patient's clinical symptoms.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Programming Tasks
Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted programming can enable software engineers to work more efficiently and effectively with the existing software tools such as OpenAI ChatGPT, Github Copilot, DeepMind AlphaCode, Amazon Codewhisperer, Replit Ghostwriter, Microsoft IntelliCode and Codedium, especially in situations where complex algorithms are being used that involve large amounts of code (i.e., Big Code regime). It also strikes a balance between productivity and ensuring safety, security, and reliability within the programming development environment. There are two main categories of AI-assisted programming tasks related to software naturalness: generation and understanding. The former includes code generation, code completion, code translation, code refinement, and code summarization. The latter is concerned with understanding code and includes defect detection and clone detection.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Transport Environmental Effects of Urban Road Network
As both developing and developed countries continue to urbanize, rapid urban growth is anticipated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This will inevitably lead to enhancements in economic development, as well as the expansion of production, population, employment, travel demand, and freight transport demand in urban road networks. Transport can potentially lead to multiple social and environmental effects, such as difficulty with access, social severance, pedestrian accident risk, higher noise levels, greater air pollution, global warming, climate change, and other adverse consequences. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Simulation and Application in Adsorption Study
Simulation studies have emerged as valuable tools for understanding processes. In particular, molecular dynamic simulations hold great significance when it comes to the adsorption process. However, comprehensive studies on molecular simulations of adsorption processes using different adsorbents are scarcely available for wastewater treatment covering different contaminants and pollutants. There are five major categories for adsorbents: (1) carbon-based, (2) oxides and hydroxides, (3) zeolites, (4) metal–organic frameworks and (5) clay.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cyperus esculentus Clones
Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is one of the world’s worst weeds as it can cause great damage to crops and crop production. To eradicate C. esculentus, early detection is key—a challenging task as it is often confused with other Cyperaceae and displays wide genetic variability.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Graphitic Nanocup Architectures
Graphitic nanocup architectures are low aspect ratio hollow graphitic nanostructure that can be precisely controlled and modified for various applications. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stickler syndrome
Stickler syndrome is a group of hereditary conditions characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, eye abnormalities, hearing loss, and joint problems. These signs and symptoms vary widely among affected individuals.  
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2020
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