You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
ROS and Pressure Ulcer Formation
During the reperfusion phase, oxygen is reintroduced to the tissue, which leads to an oxidative burst that produces an extensive amount of ROS. After oxygen returns to the tissue, xanthine oxidase generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which causes tissue injury, activation of phagocytic cells, and damage to membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA. In addition, the return of oxygen into the tissue leads to a dramatic increase in mitochondrial activity.
  • 702
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation of Subcallosal Cingulate against Depression
Major depression contributes significantly to the global disability burden. Since the first clinical study of deep brain stimulation (DBS), over 446 patients with depression have now undergone this neuromodulation therapy, and 29 animal studies have investigated the efficacy of subgenual cingulate DBS for depression. 
  • 696
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ataxia in Neurometabolic Disorders
Ataxia is a movement disorder that manifests during the execution of purposeful movements. It results from damage to the structures of the cerebellum and its connections or the posterior cords of the spinal cord. It should be noted that, in addition to occurring as part of many diseases, pediatric ataxia is a common symptom in neurometabolic diseases. 
  • 692
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Microbiota Involvement in Appearance of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological and inflammatory autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System in which selective activation of T and B lymphocytes prompts a reaction against myelin, inducing demyelination and axonal loss. Although MS is recognized to be an autoimmune pathology, the specific causes are many; thus, it has been considered a disorder resulting from environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Among the environmental factors hypothetically involved in MS, nutrition seems to be well related, although the role of nutritional factors is still unclear. The gut of mammals is home to a bacterial community of about 2000 species known as the “microbiota”, whose composition changes throughout the life of each individual. There are five bacterial phylas that make up the microbiota in healthy adults: Firmicutes (79.4%), Bacteroidetes (16.9%), Actinobacteria (2.5%), Proteobacteria (1%) and Verrucomicrobia (0.1%). The diversity and abundance of microbial populations justifies a condition known as eubiosis. On the contrary, the state of dysbiosis refers to altered diversity and abundance of the microbiota. Many studies carried out have demonstrated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microflora and the progression of multiple sclerosis. This correlation was also demonstrated by the discovery that patients with MS, treated with specific prebiotics and probiotics, have greatly increased bacterial diversity in the intestinal microbiota, which might be otherwise reduced or absent. In particular, natural extracts of Aloe vera and bergamot fruits, rich in polyphenols and with a high percentage of polysaccharides (mostly found in indigestible and fermentable fibers), appear to be potential candidates to re-equilibrate the gut microbiota in MS patients.
  • 692
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Stroke in Cancer
Stroke and cancer are disabling diseases with an enormous global burden, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations and low- and middle-income countries. Both these diseases share common risk factors, which warrant concerted attention toward reshaping population health approaches and the conducting of fundamental studies.
  • 685
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Common and Troublesome Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis Management
It is known that MS commonly causes a range of symptoms such as fatigue, depression, urinary symptoms, spasticity, impairment of gait, and sexual dysfunction. This may affect multiple aspects of physical and psychological functioning with impacts ranging from distressing to disabling. Researchers present here the best practices as per Saudi consensus recommendations for recognizing and addressing these symptoms to improve the quality of life of patients. 
  • 681
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is the most common muscle disease of older people and is clinically characterized by slowly progressive asymmetrical muscle weakness, predominantly affecting the quadriceps, deep finger flexors, and foot extensors. 
  • 677
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome–Brain Crosstalk in Neurodegenerative Diseases
The gut–brain axis (GBA) is a complex interactive network linking the gut to the brain. It involves the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal and the central nervous system, mediated by endocrinological, immunological, and neural signals. Perturbations of the GBA have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting a possible role in disease pathogenesis, making it a potential therapeutic target. The gut microbiome is a pivotal component of the GBA, and alterations in its composition have been linked to GBA dysfunction and CNS inflammation and degeneration. The gut microbiome might influence the homeostasis of the central nervous system homeostasis through the modulation of the immune system and, more directly, the production of molecules and metabolites. Small clinical and preclinical trials, in which microbial composition was manipulated using dietary changes, fecal microbiome transplantation, and probiotic supplements, have provided promising outcomes.
  • 669
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Immune Epilepsy
Immune Epilepsy can be defined as acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis” or“autoimmune-associated epilepsy. The former consider cases in which immune encephalitis with positive neural surface antibodies presents with symptomatic seizures but reaches long-term seizure freedom with immune-targeted therapy; the latter would account for those with antibodies targeting intracellular antigens such as glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and onconeural protein antibodies, in which immunotherapy is frequently ineffective as a result of neural death and permanent brain damage
  • 650
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
7T MRI for Intracranial Vessel Wall Lesions
Intracranial vessel wall lesions are involved in a variety of neurological diseases. The advanced technique 7T MRI provides greater efficacy in the diagnosis of the pathology changes in the vessel wall and helps to identify potential subtle lesions.
  • 650
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Social Distancing and Brain Health
Social distancing has been a critical public health measure for the COVID-19 pandemic, yet a long history of research strongly suggests that loneliness and social isolation play a major role in several cognitive health issues. What is the true severity and extent of risks involved and what are potential approaches to balance these competing risks? This review aimed to summarize the neurological context of social isolation and loneliness in population health and the long-term effects of social distancing as it relates to neurocognitive aging, health, and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. The full scope of the underlying causal mechanisms of social isolation and loneliness in humans remains unclear partly because its study is not amenable to randomized controlled trials; however, there are many detailed experimental and observational studies that may provide a hypothesis-generating theoretical framework to better understand the pathophysiology and underlying neurobiology. To address these challenges and inform future studies, we conducted a topical review of extant literature investigating associations of social isolation and loneliness with relevant biological, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes, and provide recommendations on how to approach the need to fill key knowledge gaps in this important area of research.
  • 642
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Plasmapheresis with Albumin Replacement in Alzheimer’s Disease
Reducing the burden of beta-amyloid accumulation and toxic autoimmunity-related proteins, one of the recognized pathophysiological markers of chronic and common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), may be a valid alternative therapy to reduce their accumulation in the brain and thus reduce the progression of these disorders.
  • 642
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Acute Exercise and Your Brain
While the physical improvements from exercise have been well documented over the years, the impact of physical activity on mental health has recently become an object of interest. Physical exercise improves cognition, particularly attention, memory, and executive functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be fully understood. 
  • 633
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genetic and Transcriptomic Biomarkers
Neurodegenerative diseases are etiologically and clinically heterogeneous conditions, often reflecting a spectrum of disease rather than well-defined disorders. 
  • 630
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Brain Health and Cognition in Older Adults
Defined by the WHO as dynamic and adaptable across life stages, it emphasizes the importance of cognitive function in aging and the need to prevent cognitive decline. Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) emerges as a precursor to cognitive decline, with potential markers for progression identified. Preventive strategies target modifiable risk factors like diabetes, depression, and lifestyle choices, with multidomain personalized interventions showing promise in preserving cognitive function. The approach should also extends beyond high-risk individuals to a universal preventive model, stressing societal and political changes to promote brain health globally.
  • 629
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Traumatic Axonal Injury in Concussion
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) indicates the tearing of axons by indirect shearing forces during acceleration, deceleration, and rotation of the brain or direct head trauma. Since the 1960s, histopathological ones after autopsy have revealed TAI in patients with concussion who died from other causes. The diagnosis of TAI in live patients with concussion is limited because conventional brain MRI is not sensitive to detecting TAI in concussion.
  • 627
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Parkinson’s Disease, SARS-CoV-2 and Frailty
Literature has long established the association between aging and frailty, with emerging evidence pointing to a relationship between frailty and SARS-CoV-2 contagion. The possible neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, associated with physical and cognitive frailty, could lead to a worsening of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in infected patients or—more rarely—to an increase in the Parkinsonian symptomatology. A possible link between those clinical pictures could be identified in vitamin D deficiency, while the whole process would appear to be associated with alterations in the microbiota–intestine–brain axis that fall within the α-Synuclein Origin site and Connectome (SOC) model, and allow for the identification of a body-first PD and a brain-first PD. The model of care for this condition must consider intrinsic and extrinsic variables so that care by a multidisciplinary team can be successfully predicted. 
  • 614
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Abnormalities in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in CYP27A1, leading to a deficiency in sterol 27-hydroxylase. This defect results in the accumulation of cholestanol and bile alcohols in various tissues, including the brain, tendons, and peripheral nerves. Elevated levels of cholestanol are consistently observed. Most patients present normal or low serum cholesterol levels. The decrease in chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) leads to increased synthesis of cholesterol metabolites such as bile alcohols 23S-pentol and 25-tetrol 3-glucuronide, which may serve as surrogate follow-up markers in patients with CTX. Lipid abnormalities in CTX have clinical implications. Cholestanol deposition in tissues contributes to the clinical manifestations, including neurological symptoms and tendon xanthomas. Dyslipidemia and abnormal cholesterol metabolism may also contribute to the increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications observed in some CTX patients.
  • 605
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Management and Treatment for Dysphagia in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Patients with neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) often experience functional dysphagia, which may involve dysfunction in a specific phase of swallowing or in the entire process. Distinguishing the etiology of dysphagia can be difficult, and it is important to always look out for signs pointing to NDD as the cause. Thorough diagnostic work-up is essential, and it includes a comprehensive history and physical examination, alongside swallowing function tests, such as fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, videofluoroscopic swallowing study, and high-resolution manometry. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach with a treatment plan tailored to each patient. 
  • 593
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Salivary Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease which manifests with progressive cognitive impairment, leading to dementia. Potential biomarkers include mainly proteins, metabolites and even miRNAs. Based on meta-analysis, in AD patients, salivary levels of beta-amyloid42 and p-tau levels were significantly increased, and t-tau and lactoferrin were decreased at borderline statistical significance.
  • 574
  • 29 Jan 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 14
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback