Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Bengal Fox
The Bengal Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) emerges as a fascinating and resilient member of the carnivore collection, thriving across the Indian subcontinent. This small canid, known for its distinctive appearance and adaptability, navigates diverse landscapes from grasslands to urban environments.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Spectacled Bear
The Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is a distinctive and elusive species native to the Andean region of South America. Renowned for the distinctive facial markings resembling spectacles, this bear is the only surviving bear species in South America and is well-adapted to the diverse habitats of its range, including montane forests, cloud forests, and páramo grasslands. Despite being the smallest bear species in South America, the Spectacled Bear holds significant cultural and ecological importance as a top predator and seed disperser in its high-altitude habitats.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Strategies to Cope with Late Wilt of Maize
Zea mays L. (maize, corn) is one of the world’s leading crops for food, feed, and fuel and as a raw material for different industrial products. Control of maize late wilt disease (LWD) has been at the forefront of research efforts since the discovery of the disease in the 1960s. The disease has become a major economic restraint in highly affected areas such as Egypt and Israel and is of constant concern in other counties. LWD causes dehydration and collapsing at a late stage of maize cultivation, starting from the male flowering phase. The disease causal agent, Magnaporthiopsis maydis, is a seed- and soil-borne phytoparasitic fungus, penetrating the roots at sprouting, colonizing the vascular system without aboveground symptoms, and spreading upwards in the xylem, eventually blocking the water supply to the plant’s upperparts. Nowadays, the disease’s control relies mostly on identifying and developing resistant maize cultivars. Still, host resistance can be limited because M. maydis undergoes pathogenic variations, and virulent strains can eventually overcome the host immunity. This alarming situation is driving researchers to continue to seek other control methods. The current entry will summarize the various strategies tested over the years to minimize the disease damage. These options include agricultural (crop rotation, cover crop, no-till, flooding the land before sowing, and balanced soil fertility), physical (solar heating), allelochemical, biological, and chemical interventions. Some of these methods have shown promising success, while others have contributed to our understanding of the disease development and the environmental and host-related factors that have shaped its outcome. The most updated global knowledge about LWD control will be presented, and knowledge gaps and future aims will be discussed.
  • 2.3K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Structural Change in Agriculture
It is common sense that it needs social and economic perspectives to understand structural changes in agriculture. The current study asserts that, likewise, the integration of the farm level (micro), the sectoral level (meso), and the societal level (macro) are needed to gain insight into the system of agricultural structures.
  • 2.3K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
African Wild Dog
The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) is a highly social and charismatic carnivore native to sub-Saharan Africa. Recognized by its distinctive mottled coat pattern and large rounded ears, it is one of Africa's most endangered predators. Living in cohesive packs, African wild dogs exhibit complex social behaviors and cooperative hunting strategies, making them both fascinating and ecologically important species in African ecosystems.
  • 2.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Binturong
The Binturong (Arctictis binturong), also known as the bearcat, is a charismatic and arboreal mammal native to the forests of Southeast Asia. Recognizable by its shaggy black fur, prehensile tail, and distinctive scent reminiscent of popcorn, the Binturong is an enigmatic species with a unique blend of physical traits and behaviors. Despite its bear-like appearance, the Binturong is actually a member of the viverrid family, making it an intriguing and often misunderstood creature of the tropical rainforests.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Bush Dog
The Bush Dog (Speothos venaticus) emerges as a captivating and elusive canid species, residing in the dense and remote habitats of Central and South America. Recognized for its unique appearance and social behaviors, the Bush Dog stands out as a small yet highly specialized predator within the intricate tapestry of neotropical ecosystems. This elusive canid's cryptic lifestyle and distinctive pack dynamics make it a subject of intrigue for wildlife enthusiasts and researchers alike.
  • 2.3K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Brassinosteroids in Growth and Development of Plants
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated steroidal phytohormones that are required for the development, growth, and productivity of plants. These hormones are involved in regulating the division, elongation, and differentiation of numerous cell types throughout the entire plant life cycle.
  • 2.3K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Fermentation Technology
Fermentation is one of the earliest biotechnological methods of food preservation and processing to be extensively applied in the world: foods (fermented food, food additives, functional materials and live probiotics); intestines (aids digestion and promotes absorption, synthetic bioactive substances, inhibits harmful bacteria, diabetes, cardiopathy and allergy); and industry (energy, soil transformation and sewage treatment). The current trends in fermented-based vegetable foods are growing. Fermentation has been used for ages as a safe technique for food preservation, and it uses minimal resources. Fermentation is related to a wide range of catabolic biochemical procedures in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Yeasts are eukaryotes; they can use oxygen while also having the ability to live without oxygen. The lactate fermentation process consists of glycolysis and some alternative steps.
  • 2.3K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Alien Insect Species for Food and Feed
While the use of alien insect species for food and feed can help to alleviate protein shortage and provide for a more sustainable feed production, their invasive potential should be considered.
  • 2.3K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diabrotica Species
The genus Diabrotica has over 400 described species, the majority of them neotropical. However, only three species of neotropical Diabrotica are considered agricultural pests, D. speciosa, D. balteata, and D. viridula. D. speciosa and D. balteata are polyphagous both as adults and during the larval stage. D. viridula are stenophagous during the larval stage, feeding essentially on maize roots, and polyphagous as adults. The larvae of the three species are pests on maize, but D. speciosa larvae also feed on potatoes and peanuts, while D. balteata larvae feed on beans and peanuts. None of these species express a winter/dry season egg diapause, like several North American species. Instead they have several continuous, latitude-mediated generations per year. This hinders the use of crop rotation as a management tool, although early planting can help in the temperate regions of the distribution of D. speciosa. Their know parasitoids do not exert much control on Diabrotica populations, or show potential for inundative biocontrol plans. Management options are limited to insecticide applications and Bt GM maize. Other techniques that show promise are products using Beauveria bassiana and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, semiochemical attractants for monitoring purposes or as toxic baits, and plant resistance.
  • 2.3K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Anticancer Properties of Eugenol
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Family Myrtaceae) is a highly prized spice that has been historically utilized as a food preservative and for diverse medical uses. It is reckoned amongst the valued sources of phenolics. Among diverse active components, eugenol, the principal active component of S. aromaticum, has optimistic properties comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a musky oil that is mainly obtained from clove. It has long been utilized all over the world as a result of its broad properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Anticancer effects of eugenol are accomplished by various mechanisms like inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis on several cancer cell lines. Besides, eugenol might be utilized as an adjunct remedy for patients who are treated with conventional chemotherapy. This combination leads to a boosted effectiveness with decreased toxicity.
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Remotely Piloted Aircraft
The establishment of significant applications of RPAs in livestock, forestry, crop monitoring, disease surveillance, irrigation, soil analysis, fertilization, crop harvest, weed management, mechanical pollination, crop insurance and tree plantation are cited in the light of currently available literature in this domain.
  • 2.3K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Plant Heat Shock Proteins
Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. 
  • 2.3K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Agro-Waste Management
It is urgent that we increase global food production to support population growth. Food production requires significant resources, amongst them water and energy. Therefore, any losses of food or other agricultural products also means a waste of water and energy resources. A significant amount of these losses occurs during the postharvest stage, primarily during processing and storage. This is considered avoidable food waste. The water-energy-waste nexus (WEW), and its relationship to food production, needs to be investigated from a circular bioeconomy lens. Furthermore, alternative uses of the wastes should be investigated. 
  • 2.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bovine β-Casein Variants and Human Health
Bovine beta-casein has been a subject of increasing scientific interest because its genetic A1 variant during gastrointestinal digestion releases opioid-like peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). Since β-CM-7 is involved in the dysregulation of many physiological processes, there is a growing discussion of whether the consumption of the β-casein A1 variant has an influence on human health. The clinical studies on humans showed a negative effect of variant A1 on serum glutathione level, digestive well-being, cognitive performance score in children, and mood score in women.
  • 2.2K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Donkey Milk Properties and Mammary Gland Morphological Characteristics
Donkey milk (DM) is produced by the female animals of the house donkey (Equus asinus). DM is known for their nutritional and nutraceutical properties for human consumption. DM compared to milk from other dairy animals such cow, buffalo, goat and sheep is most likely to resemble human breast milk. The average daily milk yield of a female donkey over the entire lactation season is 1.57 kg/day and fluctuated between 0.20 and 6.00 kg/day. Furthermore, the average milk concentration of fat, protein, lactose, total solids and ash in DM are 0.63%, 1.71%, 6.34%, 9.11% and 0.39%, respectively. It is noteworthy that DM is rich in whey proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid C18:2 and linolenic acid C18:3 and vitamin C. In addition, the average lysozyme concentration of DM is approximately 1.07 g/L, similar to human milk (0.30-1.10 g/L). The high lysozyme content may be the cause of low bactarial count of DM and also makes this milk useful for preventing intestinal infections in infants. Due to the significantly lower casein content, many people with a cows milk protein allergy can tolerate DM, as they find DM do not trigger an allergy reaction.
  • 2.2K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rumen Development of Goats
As small ruminant species, goat kids are born with deficient physical, metabolic, and microbial rumen development. The rumen is the point of contact between the host and the nutrients consumed, where most nutrient digestion and metabolism occur. The process of rumen development, including morphology, metabolic function, and microbial colonization, is a temporal and successional process during the early stage of life. 
  • 2.2K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Wood Vinegar as Antimicrobial Agent in Animal Husbandry
Wood vinegar (WV), also known as pyroligneous acid, as an alternative antimicrobial with good potential to replace conventional products. Many studies have demonstrated that WV is a promising product. WV is a nontoxic additive widely employed in the food industry to impart a smoked flavor to foods. Studies have shown that, depending on the WV concentration, good results can be achieved using it as an antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria and fungi and a valuable growth promoter for poultry and pigs.
  • 2.2K
  • 13 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Wearable Optical Sensor
Miniaturization advances have led to several wearable sensors that are now being employed in a variety of biomedical applications. Some of these have been ingrained in people’s daily lives. Smart bands and smartwatches with pulse monitors, pulse oximeters, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and other sensors are one example.
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback