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Topic Review
Thermochemical Approaches to Produce Bio-Oils for Epoxy Resins
Bio-oils are produced from biomass using three main processing techniques, namely (i) organic solvent liquefaction, which involves the utilization of organic solvents at relatively low temperatures to liquefy biomass; (ii) fast pyrolysis, which involves the liquefaction of biomass at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and a solvent; and (iii) hydrothermal liquefaction, which breaks down biomass in water at elevated pressures and temperatures. It is noteworthy that even though the products from the abovementioned three liquefaction processes are all called bio-oil, the properties of these bio-oils, such as hydroxyl number, chemical composition, and molecular weight, differ greatly. Therefore, the final physical properties of bio-oil-based epoxy resins depend on the processing conditions used for the corresponding bio-oils.
  • 808
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Intelligent Edge Devices for Predictive Maintenance on IMMs
A considerable part of enterprises’ total expenses is dedicated to maintenance interventions. Predictive maintenance (PdM) has appeared as a solution to decrease these costs; however, the necessity of end-to-end solutions in deploying predictive models and the fact that these models are often difficult to interpret by maintenance practitioners hinder the adoption of PdM approaches.
  • 805
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Flexible Manufacturing Systems
One of the basic components of Industry 4.0 is the design of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), which involves the choice of parameters to optimize its performance. Discrete event simulation (DES) models allow the user to understand the operation of dynamic and stochastic system performance and to support FMS diagnostics and design. In combination with DES models, optimization methods are often used to search for the optimal designs, which, above all, involve more than one objective function to be optimized simultaneously. These methods are called the multi-objective simulation–optimization (MOSO) method. Numerous MOSO methods have been developed in the literature, which spawned many proposed MOSO methods classifications. After that, four MOSO methods are selected, according to this classification, and compared through a detailed case study related to the FMS design problem. All of these methods studied are based on Design of Experiments (DoE). Two of them are metamodel-based approaches which integrate Goal Programming (GP) and Desirability Function (DF), respectively. 
  • 800
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ankle and Foot Arthroplasty and Prosthesis
The foot and ankle serve vital roles in weight bearing, balance, and flexibility but are susceptible to many diverse ailments, making treatment difficult. More commonly, Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) and Total Talus Replacement (TTR) are used for patients with ankle degeneration and avascular necrosis of the talus, respectively. Ankle prosthesis and orthosis are also indicated for use with lower limb extremity amputations or locomotor disability, leading to the development of powered exoskeletons. However, patient outcomes remain suboptimal, commonly due to the misfitting of implants to the patient-specific anatomy. Additive manufacturing (AM) is being used to create customized, patient-specific implants and porous implant cages that provide structural support while allowing for increased bony ingrowth and to develop customized, lightweight exoskeletons with multifunctional actuators. AM implants and devices have shown success in preserving stability and mobility of the joint and achieving fast recovery, as well as significant improvements in gait rehabilitation, gait assistance, and strength for patients. 
  • 794
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Inventions in Additive Manufacturing Processes
Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D Printing (3DP), has emerged as a transformative technology revolutionizing various industries including very demanding ones such as the aerospace and biomedical industries.
  • 789
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Local Buckling of Hollow Box FRP Profiles
Hollow box pultruded fibre-reinforced polymers (PFRP) profiles are increasingly used as structural elements in many structural applications due to their cost-effective manufacturing process, excellent mechanical properties-to-weight ratios, and superior corrosion resistance. Despite the extensive usage of PFRP profiles, there is still a lack of knowledge in the design for manufacturing against local buckling on the structural level. 
  • 786
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Self-Propelled Rotary Carbide Tool
Demanding materials like hardened steel confront issues during machining owing to their poor heat conductivity, resulting in focalized high temperatures. This issue has a substantial impact on tool life because it causes an elevated incidence of tool wear, which lowers machining quality and yield. The chemical interaction of difficult-to-cut materials with tool materials culminates in tool failure that is sudden and unexpected, as well as a poor surface finish.
  • 783
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Efficiency
Innovative carbon reduction and sustainability solutions are needed to combat climate change. One promising approach towards cleaner air involves the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electric power vehicles, showcasing their potential as innovative tools for cleaner air.
  • 783
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Augmented Reality-Artificial Intelligence Tools in Manufacturing
An important research area in the field of Industry 4.0 is to find a user-interface that is as convenient and intuitive to use as possible to ensure optimal human–machine interaction. Augmented Reality (AR) together with Advanced Image Recognition, powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) seem to be a set of technologies supportive in this topic. Apart from user friendly interface, AR-AI tools are proved to provide time savings in manufacturing tasks, while simplifying the job at the same time, enabling inexperienced, unskilled, or less skilled employees to perform the work in the selected manual production processes.
  • 772
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Directly-Grown Graphene for Ultrafast Optics
Directly-Grown Graphene can be achieved through transfer-free graphene synthesis methods. Interfacial growth process enables the growth of a patterned graphene layer between the substrate and catalyst layers; it is a method conceived to avoid the transferring process by optimizing critical growth factors that affect the synthesis mechanism.
  • 771
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Reinforcement of Tooling Using Residual Stresses
Reinforcements of metal components are used in various applications, e.g., increasing the strength of forming tools in regions where high loads need to be carried, reducing the degradation of components, enhancing the fatigue life, and minimizing distortions. An extrusion tool is a typical application that requires reinforcements. The reinforcement enhances the tool life and erosion behavior of the tool and reduces elastic deformation.
  • 764
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Interventions during COVID-19 Pandemic: South Africa
Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is considered a renaissance of the manufacturing industry. Its unique capability of manufacturing 3D objects with intricate geometrical configurations has been used to produce hospital equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) in an attempt to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa. The technology has been used by different research units to produce ventilators, respirator face masks, oscillating respiratory devices, oxygen connectors, oxygen splitters, non-invasive ventilation helmets, reusable clinician PPE, visor frames for face shields, etc. Despite the efforts of the AM community in South Africa, COVID-19 infections have continued to increase in the country. It came to light that technological interventions (including AM) alone cannot prevent the spread of the virus without the corresponding adaptive behavioural changes, such as adhering to COVID-19 prevention protocols (washing of hands, social distancing, etc.). It could be postulated that the spread of COVID-19 can only be prevented by inter-marrying the technological interventions (AM) with adaptive behavioural changes. 
  • 743
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Multi-AGV Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem
In real manufacturing environments, the number of automatic guided vehicles (AGV) is limited. Therefore, the scheduling problem that considers a limited number of AGVs is much nearer to real production and very important.
  • 731
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Characteristic of Droplet Transfer Behavior
With the synergistic effect of laser and arc heat sources, laser-arc hybrid welding (LAHW) technology can improve welding speed and penetration depth, and enhance gap-bridging ability. LAHW technology is an advanced welding method, which has been applied widely and successfully. Laser-arc hybrid welding combines laser and arc heat sources, acting together on the same location of the workpiece, and a laser beam and arc are simultaneously superimposed on a common interaction zone. It uses the advantages of the laser and arc energy effectively. It is a novel and efficient welding method, and one of the study directions for welding technology all over the world. In arc welding, due to the dispersion of the arc energy distribution, the actual energy involved in material melting is low. The guiding role of the laser on the arc enhances the melting efficiency of the arc. In laser welding, the absorption rate of laser energy by molten metal is higher than that of solid metal, and the preheating effect of the arc on the molten pool also enhances material absorption efficiency effectively. Therefore, the absorption and conversion rate of a hybrid heat source are better than those of single heat source. In comparison to traditional welding methods, the primary advantages of LAHW are high welding speed and penetration, good bridging performance, low assembly accuracy, and process stability, so it is widely used and studied.
  • 727
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Human Stress Investigation in Manufacturing Contexts
Stress is a critical concern in manufacturing environments, as it impacts the well-being and performance of workers. Accurate measurement of stress is essential for effective intervention and mitigation strategies. 
  • 715
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sustainability and the Food Industry
The potential for organizational growth is dependent upon the organization’s ability for generating novel concepts and effectively leveraging them to achieve sustained competitive advantage. Innovation success can give a business an edge over its competitors. Scholars have emphasized the importance of innovation in securing enduring competitive advantages for organizations. Companies benefit from innovation and create market-differentiating products. Regarding the growing need for sustainability and the presence of management strategies, companies constantly encounter challenges with developing innovation without overlooking the sustainability issues.
  • 714
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Fused Deposition Modeling 4D Printing Method
The 4D fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing method is a futuristic technology that offers many advantages to the manufacturing industry. This type of manufacturing relies primarily on FDM and the ability of parts to transform their shape using advanced programmable materials. As a result, this technology needs to be studied closely, particularly in terms of resource consumption, which necessarily involves understanding the factors that influence the cost of manufacturing, in particular time and energy.
  • 711
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Industry 4.0 Based Systems in Additive Manufacturing
Three-dimensional printing, also referred to as additive manufacturing, offers a wide range of product diversity, design flexibility, and competitive product costs, making it a key technology in the Industry 4.0 era. With a growing demand for customer-oriented manufacturing strategies in the industry, 3D printing holds the potential to revolutionize traditional manufacturing systems by enabling the production of high-value-added complex products at reduced costs. 
  • 698
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Nanotransfection Chips for In Vivo Tissue Reprogramming
Tissue nanotransfection (TNT), a cutting-edge technique of in vivo gene therapy, has gained substantial attention in various applications ranging from in vivo tissue reprogramming in regenerative medicine, and wound healing to cancer treatment. This technique harnesses the advancements in the semiconductor processes, facilitating the integration of conventional transdermal gene delivery methods—nanoelectroporation and microneedle technologies. TNT silicon chips have demonstrated considerable promise in reprogramming fibroblast cells of skin in vivo into vascular or neural cells in preclinical studies to assist in the recovery of injured limbs and damaged brain tissue.
  • 690
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tracing Path from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0
Industry 4.0 is a recent trend representing the vision for the integration of information, objects and people in cyber-physical scenarios in order to transform factories into intelligent environments. Although this transition is still ongoing, the corresponding vision of Industry 5.0 has already emerged. Industry 5.0 aims to bring the human factor back into the production system, with the collaborative work paradigm of human–robot collaboration (HRC) at its core. 
  • 689
  • 07 Apr 2023
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