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Topic Review
Role of Culture, Diet, Genetics in Gout Management
Gout is a metabolic disorder, and one of the most common inflammatory arthritic conditions, caused by elevated serum urate (SU). Gout prevalence is globally rising, partly due to global dietary changes and the growing older adult population. Gout was known to affect people of high socioeconomic status. Currently, gout disproportionately affects specific population subgroups that share distinct racial and ethnic backgrounds. While genetics may predict SU levels, nongenetic factors, including diet, cultural traditions, and social determinants of health (SDOH), need to be evaluated to optimize patient treatment outcomes. A cultural assessment may inform the development of culturally tailored dietary recommendations for patients with gout. Causal and association studies investigating the interaction between diet, genetics, and gout, should be cautiously interpreted due to the lack of reproducibility in different racial groups. Optimal gout management could benefit from a multidisciplinary approach, involving pharmacists and nurses.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitors
Poly ADP ribose polymerases (PARPs) are a family of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of ADP-ribose to target proteins, functioning in fundamental cellular processes including transcription, chromatin remodelling and DNA repair. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) including olaparib, niraparib and rucaparib are approved for the clinical management of women with ovarian cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Financial Inclusion Drivers
Usage, digitalization, and FinTech emerged as significant drivers of financial inclusion (FI). Drivers of FI, viz., the usage indicator, digitalization, and FinTech, are positively associated with financial inclusion and with the mediation of financial literacy, and they positively influence sustainable growth. Sustainable growth has been measured through customers’ perceptions regarding the success of FI through the achievement of selected SDGs. Further, there is also a positive relation between financial initiatives and sustainable growth.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Animal Welfare Discourse and Debate
Animal welfare is a public good that is extremely important to stakeholders, who can hold conflicting values and viewpoints, on what animal welfare is, and how a good life is achieved. Various stakeholder groups tend to signal different problems, or problematize specific aspects of farm animal welfare, and propose different actions or interventions within food supply chains.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Federation (Spacecraft)
Federation (Russian: Федерация, Federatsiya), formerly called PPTS (Prospective Piloted Transport System, Перспективная Пилотируемая Транспортная Система, Perspektivnaya Pilotiruemaya Transportnaya Sistema) is a project by Roscosmos to develop a new-generation, partially reusable piloted spacecraft. Until 2016 its official name was Пилотируемый Транспортный Корабль Нового Поколения, Pilotiruemyi Transportny Korabl Novogo Pokoleniya or PTK NP meaning "New Generation Piloted Transport Ship". The goal of the project is to develop a new-generation spacecraft to replace the aging Soyuz spacecraft developed by the former Soviet Union to support low Earth orbit and lunar operations. It is similar in function to the United States Orion spacecraft. The PPTS project was started following the failed attempt by Russia and the European Space Agency to co-develop the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS), which until the middle of 2006 was known as the ACTS. Following this the Russian Federal Space Agency ordered the local space industry to finalize proposals for the new manned spacecraft. A firm development contract was awarded to RKK Energia on December 19, 2013. Federation will be capable of carrying crews of four into Earth orbit and beyond on missions of up to 30 days. If docked with a space station, it could stay in space up to a year, which is double the duration of the Soyuz spacecraft. The spacecraft will send cosmonauts to the moon orbit, with a plan to place a space station there.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) is a library written in C, which implements a regular expression engine, inspired by the capabilities of the Perl programming language. Philip Hazel started writing PCRE in summer 1997. PCRE's syntax is much more powerful and flexible than either of the POSIX regular expression flavors (BRE, ERE) and than that of many other regular-expression libraries. While PCRE originally aimed at feature-equivalence with Perl, the two implementations are not fully equivalent. During the PCRE 7.x and Perl 5.9.x phase, the two projects have coordinated development, with features being ported between them in both directions. In 2015 a fork of PCRE was released with a revised programming interface (API). The original software, now called PCRE1 (the 1.xx–8.xx series), has had bugs mended, but no further development. (As of 2020), it is considered obsolete, and the current 8.45 release is likely to be the last. The new PCRE2 code (the 10.xx series) has had a number of extensions and coding improvements and is where development takes place. A number of prominent open-source programs, such as the Apache and Nginx HTTP servers, and the PHP and R scripting languages, incorporate the PCRE library; proprietary software can do likewise, as the library is BSD-licensed. As of Perl 5.10, PCRE is also available as a replacement for Perl's default regular-expression engine through the "re::engine::PCRE" module. The library can be built on Unix, Windows, and several other environments. PCRE2 is distributed with a POSIX C wrapper, several test programs, and the utility program "pcre2grep" built in tandem with the library.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Children
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that is often under-diagnosed and under-treated in all ages. This is due to differences in morphology, diversity in clinical phenotypes, and differences in diagnosis and treatment of OSA in children and adults, even among individuals of the same age. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Progression of the Learning Models for Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN), a serious and often treatment-refractory mental illness characterized by distorted body perception and pathological weight loss due to sustained attempts to restrict food intake, can be understood and addressed through the lens of learning theory; which provides a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, and predict how organisms learn and how this learning is translated into behavior.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Containing Composite Materials for Adsorption and Catalysis
Composite materials including organic–inorganic systems have drawn special attention due to their enhanced properties such as adsorbents and heterogeneous catalysts. At the same time, large-scale production of environmentally benign functionalized biopolymers, such as chitosan (CS), allows for constantly developing new materials, since CS reveals remarkable properties as a stabilizing agent for metal-containing compounds and enzymes and as an adsorbent of organic molecules. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Combustion and Stubble Burning Effluent Emissions
Combustion is an essential process for humanity, but it has created turbulence in society due to the pollutant emissions from the partial completion of its process and its byproducts. According to the system of air quality and weather forecasting and research (SAFAR), stubble burning’s contribution to air pollution (as PM) was 25% in 2021, 32% in 2020, and 19% in 2019, while the fire count between September and November was 71,304 in 2021, and 83,002 in 2020, respectively. This has been known to directly affect Delhi’s air quality index (AQI). Combustion effluents are generated in response to the behavior of the burning process and product toxicity, which further resides in the fire plot (orientation and fuel’s shape), material composition, oxygen concentration, and temperature.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Glutamine Deficiency in COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the death of almost 7 million people worldwide. While vaccinations and new antiviral drugs have greatly reduced the number of COVID-19 cases, there remains a need for additional therapeutic strategies to combat this deadly disease. Accumulating clinical data have discovered a deficiency of circulating glutamine in patients with COVID-19 that associates with disease severity. Glutamine is a semi-essential amino acid that is metabolized to a plethora of metabolites that serve as central modulators of immune and endothelial cell function. A majority of glutamine is metabolized to glutamate and ammonia by the mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase (GLS). Notably, GLS activity is upregulated in COVID-19, favoring the catabolism of glutamine. This disturbance in glutamine metabolism may provoke immune and endothelial dysfunction leading to vascular occlusion, multiorgan failure, and death. Strategies that restore the plasma concentration of glutamine, its metabolites, or downstream effectors represent a promising therapeutic that approach that may correct immune and endothelial cell dysfunction and prevent the development of occlusive vascular disease in patients stricken with COVID-19.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds in Medicinal Plants
Unlike other secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds are found in almost all plant cells. They hold functional significance not at the cell level, but at the level of the whole plant. The central enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) is inducible: due to the induction of the expression of coding genes, its activity increases sharply under the influence of stress factors. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Applications of Cyclodextrins in Food
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides produced from starch, consisting of a hydrophobic interior cavity and hydrophilic exterior. Cyclodextrins have gained significant and established attention as versatile carriers for the delivery of bioactive compounds derived from natural sources in various applications, including medicine, food and cosmetics. Their toroidal structure and hydrophobic cavity render them ideal candidates for encapsulating and solubilizing hydrophobic and poorly soluble compounds. Most medicinal, food and cosmetic ingredients share the challenges of hydrophobicity and degradation that can be effectively addressed by various cyclodextrin types.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
A Benchmark Dataset for Wearable Low-Light Pedestrian Detection
Detecting pedestrians in low-light conditions is challenging, especially in the context of wearable platforms. Infrared cameras have been employed to enhance detection capabilities, whereas low-light cameras capture the more intricate features of pedestrians. With this in mind, a low-light pedestrian detection (called HRBUST-LLPED) dataset by capturing pedestrian data on campus using wearable low-light cameras is introduced.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Steller Sea Lion
The Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) is a charismatic marine mammal found along the coastlines of the North Pacific Ocean. Renowned for its impressive size and distinctive appearance, including thick fur and prominent whiskers, the Steller Sea Lion holds a prominent place in marine ecosystems as a top predator. Despite facing conservation challenges such as habitat degradation and competition with fisheries, these social and intelligent creatures continue to capture the fascination of researchers and wildlife enthusiasts alike.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Recent Advances in Predictability and Prediction Using PDE-Based, AI-Powered, and Idealized Generalized Lorenz Models
In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in the domain of atmospheric predictability and forecasting, harnessing both traditional partial differential equation (PDE)-based methods and advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Drawing on our recent comprehensive review of predictability studies, this investigation explores the potential for extending the two-week predictability limit initially proposed in the 1960s. While PDE-physics-based systems have consistently provided valuable insights, the emergence of AI-powered models, particularly those employing deep learning and transformer-based architectures, has paved the way for extending prediction horizons. These AI models have demonstrated performance that is comparable to, or even surpasses, traditional methods in short-term forecasts (3-14 days) and hold significant promise for addressing the challenges of subseasonal prediction. The synergy of AI and traditional approaches also underscores the potential for cost-effective, long-range weather predictions, with reports indicating promising predictions beyond 30 days. Furthermore, the development of generalized Lorenz models, incorporating time-varying parameters, has deepened our understanding of the coexistence of chaotic and regular behaviors with distinct predictability, challenging the conventional perception of weather systems as purely chaotic. This dual nature introduces fresh perspectives on long-term predictability and regional dependencies, such as seasonal variations and blocking patterns. In addition to reviewing recent advancements, this study proposes future research directions aimed at enhancing predictive accuracy and further exploring the limits of predictability in the realms of both weather and climate modeling.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Local Content in Construction
In the construction industry, local content refers to materials and products made in a country as opposed to those that are imported. There is an increasing interest in the concept of local content as this is seen as a means of supporting improved sustainability performance by avoiding negative environmental impacts such as waste and carbon emissions and supporting beneficial impacts such as local economic growth and creating new entrepreneurs and jobs.  
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Recombinant Anticancer Peptides
Cationic peptides have high aptitudes to interact with cancer cells, especially multidrug resistance (MDR) cells. This interaction occurs due to the more negative charge of the membrane of cancer cells compared to normal cells. Recent studies have shown the application of cationic peptides in cancer therapy minimized the side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The main limitation of developing the cationic peptides for practical applications is the high cost of automated chemical production. For that reason, it is important to develop a cost-effective method for the production of mass quantities of biologically active peptides.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bibliometric Analysis of Supplier Management
This entry presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of supplier management. We conducted a bibliometric analysis based on 4687 papers on supplier management from 1997 to 2017. Through a comparative analysis of the four stages using Bibexcel and Ucinet6 software, this paper explores the evolution of supplier management from the theme and cluster perspectives. The results show that supplier management research has made breakthroughs in both breadth and depth. Representative research themes, such as “sustainable supply chain”, “corporate social responsibility”, “knowledge management”, etc., have gradually penetrated into the field of supplier management. Research related to “supplier selection” and “supplier relations” have always been of the highest strategic importance, and themes in “supplier relations” cluster such as “trust” and “commitment” have gradually attracted more and more researchers' attention. The “inventory” cluster has also been a research focus, and the structural stability and maturity of the cluster have gradually improved. The “innovation” cluster is a relatively “open” cluster, and its impact on the entire research filed of supplier management has been gradually increasing. More importantly, the “sustainability” cluster is an evolving cluster, research themes related to “sustainability”, such as “green supply chain”, “sustainable supply chain” and “green supplier selection”, will play an increasingly important role in the field of supplier management.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Apomixis Sensu Stricto
Apomixis may now be regarded as a consequence of sexual failure (i.e., loss-of-function) rather than as a recipe for clonal success (i.e., gain-of-function). There is increasing evidence that apomixis is a modification of the normal sexual developmental pathway. Most of the events that characterize sexual reproduction may be retained both structurally and functionally in apomictic reproduction, with the exceptions that the reduced egg cell is replaced by an unreduced egg cell, with absent or modified meiosis (i.e., apomeiosis), and the seed development does occur without egg cell fertilization (i.e., parthenogenesis). In addition, it is clear that residual sexual function is retained in pseudogamous apomixis, as seed development may occur without fertilization of either the egg cell or the central cell (i.e., autonomous apomixis), but fertilization may be required to form the endosperm in many apomictic plants.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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