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Topic Review
Contact Dermatitis in Nail Cosmetics
Many ingredients found within nail cosmetic products are capable of sensitizing patients’ immune systems and causing contact dermatitis (CD). Below this entry describes the most common allergens found within these products, how to identify them, and how to treat the contact dermatitis they’ve caused. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
In-Work Poverty
In-work poverty is defined as a condition: “In-work at-risk-of-poverty rate refers to the percentage of persons in the total population who declared to be at work (employed or self-employed) who are at-risk-of-poverty (i.e., with an equivalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income (after social transfers)”.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radar Signal Intrapulse Modulation Recognition Based on DGDNet
Accurate recognition of radar modulation mode helps to better estimate radar echo parameters, thereby occupying an advantageous position in the radar electronic warfare (EW). The pure radar signal representation (PSR) is disentangled from the noise signal representation (NSR) through a feature disentangler and used to learn a radar signal modulation recognizer under low-SNR environments. Signal noise mutual information loss is proposed to enlarge the gap between the PSR and the NSR.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Two-Photon Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy has represented a crucial technique to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms in the field of biomedicine. However, the conventional one-photon microscopy exhibits many limitations when living samples are imaged. The new technologies, including two-photon microscopy (2PM), have considerably improved the in vivo study of pathophysiological processes, allowing the investigators to overcome the limits displayed by previous techniques. 2PM enables the real-time intravital imaging of the biological functions in different organs at cellular and subcellular resolution thanks to its improved laser penetration and less phototoxicity. The development of more sensitive detectors and long-wavelength fluorescent dyes as well as the implementation of semi-automatic software for data analysis allowed to gain insights in essential physiological functions, expanding the frontiers of cellular and molecular imaging. The future applications of 2PM are promising to push the intravital microscopy beyond the existing limits. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Human Coronavirus
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of viruses common among many animals, including humans. They can cause respiratory illnesses in humans and gastrointestinal illnesses in animals. Under the electron microscope, virions of CoVs have large peplomers that make it look like a crown, hence the name corona, meaning “crown” or “halo. The emerging coronavirus disease (COVID-19) swept across the world, affecting more than 200 countries and territories.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Revisiting the Concept of Values Taught in Education
Schools and universities are not only places to learn subject knowledge, but also places to help students develop their values. Despite this explicit need for cultivating students’ values, what values should be taught is always a common question among educators.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
FYFT P-Series Unmanned Blimp
FYFT P-series unmanned blimps are Chinese UAVs developed by Qingdao Co., Ltd. Fei-Yu (meaning Flying Universe) Aviation Science and Technology Co., Ltd. (FYFT, 青岛飞宇有限公司), and these unmanned blimps are named after their respective length. For example: if an A1 series blimp is 11 meter long, then it is named A1-1100, because 11 meter is equal to 1100 millimeter. P-series unmanned blimps are intend for law enforcement applications, and P stands for Police. The greatest difference between P-series and other unmanned blimps for civilian use such as S-series unmanned blimps for aerial survey is that for law enforcement application, data link is added to provide real-time or near real-time transmission of information gathered so police can respond in a timely manner, as opposed to civilian versions where information is downloaded and evaluated after the UAVs have landed.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biochronology
In paleontology, biochronology is the correlation in time of biological events using fossils. In its strict sense, it refers to the use of assemblages of fossils that are not tied to stratigraphic sections (in contrast to biostratigraphy, where they are). Collections of land mammal ages have been defined for every continent except Antarctica, and most are correlated with each other indirectly through known evolutionary lineages. A combination of argon–argon dating and magnetic stratigraphy allows a direct temporal comparison of terrestrial events with climate change and mass extinctions.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Key Technologies for Multi-Parallel Inverter Microgrid Systems
As an important form of distributed renewable energy utilization and consumption, the multi-parallel inverter microgrid system works in both an isolated and grid-connected operation mode. Secondary-frequency and voltage-regulation control are very important in solving problems that appears in these systems, such as the distributed secondary-frequency regulation real-time scheme, voltage and reactive power balancing, and the secondary-frequency regulation control under the disturbances and unbalanced conditions of a microgrid system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Boron Vehiculating Nanosystems in Cancer Treatment
Boron neutron capture therapy is a low-invasive cancer therapy based on the neutron fission process that occurs upon thermal neutron irradiation of 10B-containing compounds; this process causes the release of alpha particles that selectively damage cancer cells. Although several clinical studies involving mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate and the boronophenylalanine–fructose complex are currently ongoing, the success of this promising anticancer therapy is hampered by the lack of appropriate drug delivery systems to selectively carry therapeutic concentrations of boron atoms to cancer tissues, allowing prolonged boron retention therein and avoiding the damage of healthy tissues. To achieve these goals, numerous research groups have explored the possibility to formulate nanoparticulate systems for boron delivery. Here the researchers report the newest developments on boron vehiculating drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles, distinguished on the basis of the type of carrier used, with a specific focus on the formulation aspects.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Development of Chronic Low Back Pain
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with up to 80% of the population experiencing this at some point in their life. Chronic back pain is complex and there is currently no cure for it, nor does alleviating potential causes guarantee that pain will go away. Therefore, rather than attempting to “cure” chronic pain, many clinicians, caregivers and researchers aim to help educate patients about their pain and try to help them live a better quality of life despite their condition. This may include using strategies such as pain neuroscience education (PNE) and cognitive behavior therapy. PNE, for example, is considered an intervention aimed at reconceptualizing an individual’s understanding of their pain as less threatening. A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that PNE can have a significant effect in reducing pain catastrophizing as well as kinesiophobia. This is highly beneficial in pain management, as reduced catastrophic thinking can help orient a person away from their pain and towards living their life, and reduced fear helps patients to be more open to active interventions like physical therapy and exercise. Pain education is often paired with physical therapy, or used pre-emptively for things like post-operative pain.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Selective Laser Sintering Process
Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a well-established technology that is used for additive manufacturing. Significant efforts have been made to improve SLS by optimizing the powder deposition, laser beam parameters, and temperature settings. The purpose is to ensure homogeneous sintering and prevent geometric and appearance inaccuracies in the manufactured objects.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ursolic Acid Pharmacodynamics towards Nuclear Receptor
Nuclear receptors (NRs) form a family of druggable transcription factors that are regulated by ligand binding to orchestrate multifaceted physiological functions, including reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and growth. NRs represent attractive and valid targets for the management and treatment of a vast array of ailments. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are ubiquitously distributed natural products in medicinal and aromatic plants, of which ursolic acid (UA) is an extensively studied member, due to its diverse bio-pertinent activities against different cancers, inflammation, aging, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver injury.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Melt-Spun Biodegradable Fibers
The growing awareness of environmental issues and the pursuit of sustainable materials have sparked a substantial surge in research focused on biodegradable materials, including fibers. Within a spectrum of fabrication techniques, melt-spinning has emerged as an eco-friendly and scalable method for making fibers from biodegradable plastics (preferably bio-based), intended for various applications. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nuclear Physics Opportunities at European Small-Scale Facilities
Small-scale facilities play a significant role in the landscape of nuclear physics research in Europe. They address a wide range of fundamental questions and are essential for teaching and training personnel in accelerator technology and science, providing them with diverse skill sets, complementary to large projects.  The current status, available instrumentation, as well as perspectives of nuclear physics research at small-scale facilities are given. To obtain a complete overview, a few medium-scale facilities—the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, IJC Lab, and the Jyväskylä Accelerator Laboratory—are also described.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Emerging Oral Treatments for Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a worldwide prevalence of 1–3% that can be associated with psoriatic arthritis and other comorbidities and causes a significant burden and impairment of health-related quality of life. Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) with a pathogenic admixture of autoinflammatory and autoimmune components and involvement of both innate and adaptive immune systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Imaging and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment in people aged 20–74 years. There is a trend of moving away from invasive (e.g., fundus fluorescein angiography) to non-invasive (e.g., wide-field optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography and colour fundus photography) imaging modalities to allow for more objective assessments that can be readily repeated in a time-efficient manner without compromising patient safety. Such quantitative assessments generating large amounts of data could benefit from artificial intelligence approaches to aid clinical decision making.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fund Manager Skill and Mutual Fund Performance
A mutual fund is a common instrument for households and corporations to invest in the financial markets through diversified portfolios of securities. Investing in managed mutual funds involves relying on a fund manager’s knowledge, expertise, and investment strategy to beat the fund’s benchmark. 
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Education on Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable development goals express a spatial concern about the main challenges facing the world today: ecological, economic, social, and political. Geography is the science of place (of where). Education for sustainable development is the responsibility of many educational and social agents, although there is a broad consensus that universities play a fundamental role as institutions training qualified professionals; building the capacity of new generations; and mobilizing young people who, once in the workplace, can multiply the effects of their actions and decisions to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Causation
Causation refers to the relationship between cause and effect, where one event or factor (the cause) brings about or influences another event or outcome (the effect). In scientific inquiry, establishing causation involves demonstrating that changes in one variable directly result in changes in another variable, often through empirical observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis, while considering alternative explanations and potential confounding factors. This concept underpins our understanding of causal mechanisms and the interconnectedness of phenomena in various fields of study, from natural sciences to social sciences.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2024
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