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Topic Review
Mesenchymal Conversion
Mesenchymal conversion occurring in malignant epithelial neoplasms is undesirable in tumors since it promotes more aggressive tumor behavior. This phenomenon is not exclusive to head and neck carcinomas, and it is likely to be found in most neoplasms, as carcinomas are frequently aggressive. Mesenchymal conversion depends on different molecular interactions, signaling pathways, and tumor microenvironments that are related to the activation of several growth factors and diverse matrix metalloproteinases that promote ideal environments for the progression of tumor cells that are primarily associated with metastasis.
  • 541
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Central Nervous System Tumors on Combination MR-Linear Accelerators
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent visualization of central nervous system (CNS) tumors due to its superior soft tissue contrast. Magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) has historically been limited to use in the initial treatment planning stage due to cost and feasibility. MRI-guided linear accelerators (MRLs) allow clinicians to visualize tumors and organs at risk (OARs) directly before and during treatment, a process known as online MRgRT. This novel system permits adaptive treatment planning based on anatomical changes to ensure accurate dose delivery to the tumor while minimizing unnecessary toxicity to healthy tissue. These advancements are critical to treatment adaptation in the brain and spinal cord, where both preliminary MRI and daily computerized tomography (CT) guidance have typically had limited benefit. 
  • 541
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Restricted Mean Survival Time to Lung Cancer
Restricted mean survival time (RMST) is a new tool that helps researchers to better address the survival in studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) treatment where the hazard assumption (PH) fails, and the long-rank test is less efficient due to the existence of the long-term responses and delayed treatment effects. Patients with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have a better prognosis than those without irAEs in the first-line settings. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and the number of organs affected by metastasis must be considered when selecting patients for ICIs treatment.
  • 541
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tunicamycin in the Therapeutic Implication of Cancers
Tunicamycin (TM) is one of the potent nucleoside antibiotics and an inhibitor of aberrant glycosylation in various cancer cells, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer, parallel with the inhibition of cancer cell growth and progression of tumors. Like chemotherapies such as doxorubicin (DOX), 5′fluorouracil, etoposide, and cisplatin, TM induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) by blocking aberrant glycosylation. Consequently, stress is induced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promotes apoptosis.
  • 540
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment Impact on Follicular Lymphomas
Follicular lymphomas (FL) are neoplasms that resemble normal germinal center (GC) B-cells. Normal GC and neoplastic follicles contain non-neoplastic cells such as T-cells, follicular dendritic cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, and macrophages, which define the tumor microenvironment (TME), which itself is an essential factor in tumor cell survival. The main characteristics of the TME in FL are an increased number of follicular regulatory T-cells (Treg) and follicular helper T-cells (Tfh), M2-polarization of macrophages, and the development of a nodular network by stromal cells that creates a suitable niche for tumor growth. All of them play important roles in tumor angiogenesis, inhibition of apoptosis, and immune evasion, which are key factors in tumor progression and transformation risk. 
  • 539
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Bone Metastasis in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent and malignant cancer types in men, which causes more than three-hundred thousand cancer death each year. At late stage of PCa progression, bone marrow is the most often metastatic site that constitutes almost 70% of metastatic cases of the PCa population.
  • 539
  • 06 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Endocrine Disruptors, Phytoestrogens and Breast Cancer
An Endocrine Disruptor (ED) is defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as "an exogenous agent that interferes with synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action, or elimination of natural blood-borne hormones that are present in the body and are responsible for homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental process". Both estrogens and EDs, binding to estrogen receptors, elicit downstream gene activation and trigger intracellular signalling cascades in a variety of tissues, thus affecting reproductive health and hormonal dependent cancers risk. Endocrine disruptors are a group of highly heterogeneous molecules, grossly divided into synthetic and natural compounds (phytoestrogens).
  • 539
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and one of the success stories in cancer therapeutics. Risk-directed therapy based on clinical, biologic and genetic features has played a significant role in this accomplishment. Despite the observed improvement in survival rates, leukemia remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Implementation of next-generation genomic and transcriptomic sequencing tools has illustrated the genomic landscape of ALL. However, the underlying dynamic changes at protein level still remain a challenge. Proteomics is a cutting-edge technology aimed at deciphering the mechanisms, pathways, and the degree to which the proteome impacts leukemia subtypes. Advances in mass spectrometry enable high-throughput collection of global proteomic profiles, representing an opportunity to unveil new biological markers and druggable targets. 
  • 539
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Small Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer Therapy
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ubiquitous ATP-independent chaperones that play essential roles in response to cellular stresses and protein homeostasis. sHSPs are ubiquitously expressed in numerous types of tumors, and their expression is closely associated with cancer progression. sHSPs have been suggested to control a diverse range of cancer functions, including tumorigenesis, cell growth, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as regulation of cancer stem cell properties. 
  • 538
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
RKIP-Derived Suppression of Prostate Cancer
Despite an intensive research effort in the past few decades, prostate cancer (PC) remains a top cause of cancer death in men, particularly in the developed world. The major cause of fatality is the progression of local prostate cancer to metastasis disease. Treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) is generally ineffective. Based on the discovery of mPC relying on androgen for growth, many patients with mPC show an initial response to the standard of care: androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). However, lethal castration resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) commonly develop. It is widely accepted that intervention of metastatic progression of PC is a critical point of intervention to reduce PC death. Accumulative evidence reveals a role of RKIP in suppression of PC progression towards mPC.
  • 537
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand System in Cancer
The family of human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) consists of eight stress-induced molecules. Over 80% of human cancers express these ligands on the surface of tumour cells and/or associated stromal elements. In mice, NKG2D deficiency increases susceptibility to some types of cancer, implicating this system in immune surveillance for malignancy. However, NKG2DL can also be shed, released via exosomes and trapped intracellularly, leading to immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, NKG2D can enhance chronic inflammatory processes which themselves can increase cancer risk and progression. Indeed, tumours commonly deploy a range of countermeasures that can neutralise or even corrupt this surveillance system, tipping the balance away from immune control towards tumour progression. Consequently, the prognostic impact of NKG2DL expression in human cancer is variable. 
  • 536
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
High-Risk Groups Relevant for PDAC Early Detection
Pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal malignancies, is increasing in incidence. While survival rates for many cancers have improved dramatically, people with pancreatic cancer have persistently poor outcomes. Potential cure for pancreatic cancer involves surgical resection and adjuvant therapy. However, approximately 85% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer are not suitable for potentially curative therapy due to locally advanced or metastatic disease stage. Because of this stark survival contrast, any improvement in early detection would likely significantly improve survival of patients with pancreatic cancer through earlier intervention.
  • 535
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Precision Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancers
Precision medicine involves comprehensive genome profiling (CGP) using next-generation sequencing (NGS), which is clinically performed worldwide to find a drug suitable for each patient. The aim of precision medicine is to identify and target those genome-wide alterations in various cancers, and the genetic changes identified by NGS technologies support personalized drug design for patients with specific genetic alterations.
  • 534
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Repopulation during Radiotherapy
Tumour repopulation during treatment is a well acknowledged yet still challenging aspect of cancer management. The latest research results show clear evidence towards the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are responsible for tumour repopulation, dissemination, and distant metastases in most solid cancers. Cancer stem cell quiescence and the loss of asymmetrical division are two powerful mechanisms behind repopulation. Another important aspect in the context of cancer stem cells is cell plasticity, which was shown to be triggered during fractionated radiotherapy, leading to cell dedifferentiation and thus reactivation of stem-like properties. Repopulation during treatment is not limited to radiotherapy, as there is clinical proof for repopulation mechanisms to be activated through other conventional treatment techniques, such as chemotherapy. The dynamic nature of stem-like cancer cells often elicits resistance to treatment by escaping drug-induced cell death.
  • 534
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Battlefield of Chemotherapy in Pediatric Cancers
The survival rate for pediatric cancers has remarkably improved. Conventional chemotherapy plays a crucial role in treating pediatric cancers, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to advanced treatments may be limited. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved chemotherapy drugs that can be used in children have expanded, but patients still face numerous side effects from the treatment. In addition, multidrug resistance (MDR) continues to pose a major challenge in improving the survival rates for a significant number of patients.
  • 533
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Computer-Aided Detection Methods Using Hyperspectral Imaging Engineering
Skin cancer, a malignant neoplasm originating from skin cell types including keratinocytes, melanocytes, and sweat glands, comprises three primary forms: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and malignant melanoma (MM). BCC and SCC, while constituting the most prevalent categories of skin cancer, are generally considered less aggressive compared to MM. Notably, MM possesses a greater capacity for invasiveness, enabling infiltration into adjacent tissues and dissemination via both the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Risk factors associated with skin cancer encompass ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, fair skin complexion, a history of sunburn incidents, genetic predisposition, immunosuppressive conditions, and exposure to environmental carcinogens. Early detection of skin cancer is of paramount importance to optimize treatment outcomes and preclude the progression of disease, either locally or to distant sites. In pursuit of this objective, numerous computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been developed. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI), distinguished by its capacity to capture information spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, surpasses conventional RGB imaging, which relies solely on three color channels. 
  • 533
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chromosomal Translocations in NK-Cell Lymphomas
rDNA-mediated translocations occur at about the same frequency in the normal T cells and NK-lymphoma cells but differ at particular sites that correspond to open chromatin. oncogenic translocations lead to dysregulation of a specific set of genes controlling development. In normal T cells and in NK cells, there are hot spots of translocations at sites possessing strong H3K27ac marks. 
  • 532
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Toxicities in the Treatment of NSCLC
Targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment for many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multiple new oral targeted therapies have been approved in the past; however, their overall efficacy may be reduced by poor adherence, treatment interruptions, or dose reductions due to adverse events. Most institutions lack standard monitoring protocols for toxicities from these targeted agents. Here describes important adverse events observed in clinical trials and reported by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for both currently approved and upcoming promising therapies in the treatment of NSCLC. These agents cause a range of toxicities, including dermatologic, gastroenteric, pulmonary, and cardiac toxicities.
  • 532
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Quercetin Derivatives in Nicotine-Induced Non-Small Cell Lung-Cancer Therapy
Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, represented by many compounds that exhibit high anticancer properties. Quercetin (Q) and its main derivatives (rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, rhamnetin, and hyperoside) in the class of flavonols have been documented to exert anticancer activity. Q has been shown to be useful in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as demonstrated by in vitro/in vivo studies, due to its antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and apoptotic properties. Some flavonoids (flavone, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins) have been demonstrated to be effective in nicotine-induced NSCLC treatment. 
  • 532
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Zebrafish in Biology
Zebrafish is a crucial in vivo model for lung cancer research and is widely employed in studies focusing on cancer proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. It plays a pivotal role in cancer drug development, being used for target validation, compound screening, and personalized therapy.
  • 532
  • 23 Oct 2023
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