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Topic Review
Single-Tear Proteomics and Precision Medicine
The tear film is formed by two distinct layers: an outer lipid layer and an inner aqueous layer containing proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, mucins, and transmembrane glycoproteins. The composition of these layers reflects the pathophysiological state of the tissues underneath, as well as that of the whole body, which makes tears an attractive source of potential biomarkers for the evaluation of health and disease states .Thanks to the high protein concentration (approximately ranging between 4 and 10 μg/μL in basal, open-eye tears) , tears can be easily analyzed by proteomics approaches, despite the low amount of sample that can be normally collected (around 6 μL from a single withdrawal).
  • 658
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Heroin Regulates Orbitofrontal Circular RNAs
The number of drug overdose deaths involving opioids continues to rise in the United States. Many patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) that seek treatment still experience relapse. Perseverant opioid seeking behaviors represent a major challenge to treating OUD and additional therapeutic development will require insight into opioid-induced neurobiological adaptations.
  • 658
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Noncoding RNAs of Extracellular Vesicles in Tumor Angiogenesis
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as multifunctional regulators of intercellular communication and are involved in diverse tumor phenotypes, including tumor angiogenesis, which is a highly regulated multi-step process for the formation of new blood vessels that contribute to tumor proliferation. EVs induce malignant transformation of distinct cells by transferring DNAs, proteins, lipids, and RNAs, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, the functional relevance of EV-derived ncRNAs in tumor angiogenesis remains to be elucidated. 
  • 658
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Optimization of Genome Knock-In Method for Plants
Plant expression systems are currently regarded as promising alternative platforms for the production of recombinant proteins, including the proteins for biopharmaceutical purposes. However, the accumulation level of a target protein in plant expression systems is still rather low compared with the other existing systems, namely, mammalian, yeast, and E. coli cells. To solve this problem, numerous methods and approaches have been designed and developed. At the same time, the random nature of the distribution of transgenes over the genome can lead to gene silencing, variability in the accumulation of recombinant protein, and also to various insertional mutations. The current research considered inserting target genes into pre-selected regions of the plant genome (genomic “safe harbors”) using the CRISPR/Cas system. Regions of genes expressed constitutively and at a high transcriptional level in plant cells (housekeeping genes) that are of interest as attractive targets for the delivery of target genes were characterized.
  • 657
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is a prevalent cancer associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. Despite advancements in diagnostic tools, there have been minimal improvements in therapeutic approaches. The potential new frontier lies in the realm of biomarkers.
  • 657
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Differentially Regulated miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer is a complex and enigmatic disease caused by a series of alterations in genes that control cell growth and proliferation. miRNA was discovered by Ambros and co-workers in Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode), during their genetic study to investigate defects in the temporal control of C. elegans development.
  • 657
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Effort Distribution in Heavy Glycolytic Trials
Short, intensive, but above lactate threshold physical trials or competitions which last <1 min but are close to this time limit, are on the border between glycolytic and aerobic efforts. The distribution of effort is critical in these tasks to achieve the best possible results. There are several approaches, grounded in the philosophical basis of effort, which determine effort distribution. The problem is still open and a clear direction has not yet emerged from the available studies on the topic. 
  • 656
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mechanobiology of Metastasis
The major cause (more than 90%) of all cancer-related deaths is metastasis, thus its prediction can critically affect the survival rate. Metastases are predicted by lymph-node status, tumor size, histopathology and genetic testing. The identification of new potential prognostic factors will be an important source of risk information for the practicing oncologist, potentially leading to enhanced patient care through the proactive optimization of treatment strategies. Mechanobiology, as a branch of biomechanics and/or a branch of biology, has reached a mature stage mainly because of the significant technological and methodological advances at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels and the need to disclose the mechanical basis of biology. The application of mechanobiology to medicine (mechanomedicine) may help advance human health and improve diagnostics, treatment, and therapeutics of cancer.
  • 656
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
General Properties of Genes Encoding Histone Variants
All the cells of an organism contain the same genome. However, each cell expresses only a minor fraction of its potential and, in particular, the genes encoding the proteins necessary for basal metabolism and the proteins responsible for its specific phenotype. The ability to use only the right and necessary genes involved in specific functions depends on the structural organization of the nuclear chromatin, which in turn depends on the epigenetic history of each cell, which is stored in the form of a collection of DNA and protein modifications. Among these modifications, DNA methylation and many kinds of post-translational modifications of histones play a key role in organizing the complex indexing of usable genes.
  • 656
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effect of H. sabdariffa Extract on Obesity
H. sabdariffa derived bioactive compounds are potent in the treatment of obesity with an evident reduction in body weight, inhibition of lipid accumulation and suppression of adipogenesis through the PPARγ pathway and other transcriptional factors. 
  • 655
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Role of Selenium in Redox Biology
Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium’s unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. 
  • 655
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Extended-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Extended small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) is a very aggressive disease, characterized by rapid growth and an early tendency to relapse. In contrast to non-small cell lung cancer, no therapeutic innovation has improved survival in patients with ED-SCLC over the past 20 years. Recently, immunotherapy has shown an important role in the management of these patients, emerging as the treatment of first choice in combination with chemotherapy and completely changing the therapeutic paradigm. However, patients’ selection for this strategy is still challenging due to a lack of reliable predictive biomarkers. Conversely, the immunotherapy efficacy beyond the first line is pretty disappointing and innovative chemotherapies or target agents seem to be more promising in this setting. Some of them are also under evaluation as an upfront strategy and they will probably change the treatment algorithm in the next future. This proposal provides a comprehensive overview of available treatment strategies for ED-SCLC patients, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
  • 654
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hybridization Chain Reaction in Foodborne Pathogen Detection
Foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food, including foodborne pathogens, seriously threaten public health and the economy. This has led to the development of more sensitive and accurate methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR), an isothermal nucleic acid hybridization signal amplification technique, has received increasing attention due to its enzyme-free and isothermal characteristics, and pathogenic bacteria detection methods using HCR for signal amplification have experienced rapid development in the last five years.
  • 652
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Enzymatic Cleavages
Human whole saliva is a hypotonic fluid lining the oral cavity and is composed of water (99%) and a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds resulting from salivary gland secretion, oral flora, the oropharynx, the upper airway, gastrointestinal reflux, gingival crevicular fluid, food deposits, and mucosal surface secretion containing blood-derived components. The most-common PTM detectable in human saliva is the proteolytic cleavage of proteins.
  • 651
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Retrotransposons in Cancer
Retrotransposons, which move from one genomic site to another by a copy-and-paste mechanism, are regulated by various molecular pathways that may be disrupted during tumorigenesis. Active retrotransposons can stimulate type I IFN responses. Although accumulated evidence suggests that retrotransposons can induce inflammation, the research investigating the exact mechanism of triggering these responses is ongoing.
  • 651
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Protein Content of Milk Extracellular Vesicles
Proteins represent one of the main components of milk, with high heterogeneity in terms of the number of protein species that can result from alternative splicing, single point mutations, and different post-translational modifications (PTMs).
  • 650
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Modulatory Signals in the Regulation of Bicarbonate Transporters
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. 
  • 650
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sigma-1 Receptor in Calcium Modulation
Ca2+ signaling plays a pivotal role in the control of cellular homeostasis and aberrant regulation of Ca2+ fluxes have a strong impact on cellular functioning. As a consequence of this ubiquitous role, Ca2+ signaling dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including cancer. Indeed, multiple studies have highlighted the role of Ca2+ fluxes in all the steps of cancer progression. In particular, the transfer of Ca2+ at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites, also known as mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), has been shown to be crucial for cancer cell survival. One of the proteins enriched at this site is the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), a protein that has been described as a Ca2+-sensitive chaperone that exerts a protective function in cells in various ways, including the modulation of Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, S1R is overexpressed in many types of cancer even though the exact mechanisms by which it promotes cell survival are not fully elucidated. 
  • 649
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is the only family member of the EGRF/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases that lacks an active kinase domain (KD), which makes it an obligate binding partner with other receptors for its oncogenic role. When HER3 is activated in a ligand-dependent (NRG1/HRG) or independent manner, it can bind to other receptors (the most potent binding partner is HER2) to regulate many biological functions (growth, survival, nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, etc.) through the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway. 
  • 649
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes
Lipid membrane nanodomains are membrane areas enriched on proteins that can form oligomers and cluster in the membranes. The formation of these oligomers is favored by cholesterol and other lipid species. The described size of these domains is diverse, from 10–200 nm diameter, and their characteristics are sometimes associated with the lipid microenvironment ruling the interaction between cholesterol- and sphingolipids and proteins enriched in these domains, gathering different proteins with different roles, in the same domain. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain.
  • 648
  • 16 Jan 2024
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