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Topic Review
Protein Content of Milk Extracellular Vesicles
Proteins represent one of the main components of milk, with high heterogeneity in terms of the number of protein species that can result from alternative splicing, single point mutations, and different post-translational modifications (PTMs).
  • 617
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Alcohol on Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Alcohol, a key part of human culture since ancient times, has various uses ranging from beverages to antiseptics and fuels. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer, being the oldest and probably the most widely used drugs, were known for their therapeutic value in addition to the vital part they played in the daily life of people in ancient times. A standard alcohol unit, used to measure drinking consistently, varies globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that a standard drink contains 10 g of pure ethanol per day, though this varies (8–20 g) across countries.
  • 617
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sigma-1 Receptor in Calcium Modulation
Ca2+ signaling plays a pivotal role in the control of cellular homeostasis and aberrant regulation of Ca2+ fluxes have a strong impact on cellular functioning. As a consequence of this ubiquitous role, Ca2+ signaling dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including cancer. Indeed, multiple studies have highlighted the role of Ca2+ fluxes in all the steps of cancer progression. In particular, the transfer of Ca2+ at the ER-mitochondrial contact sites, also known as mitochondrial associated membranes (MAMs), has been shown to be crucial for cancer cell survival. One of the proteins enriched at this site is the sigma-1 receptor (S1R), a protein that has been described as a Ca2+-sensitive chaperone that exerts a protective function in cells in various ways, including the modulation of Ca2+ signaling. Interestingly, S1R is overexpressed in many types of cancer even though the exact mechanisms by which it promotes cell survival are not fully elucidated. 
  • 616
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mucormycosis and Genetic Manipulation in Mucorales
The emerging fungal infection caused by Mucorales is known as mucormycosis. The main reasons for this current attraction to study mucormycosis are its high lethality, the lack of effective antifungal drugs, and its recent increased incidence. The most contemporary example of the emergence character of mucormycosis is the epidemics declared in several Asian countries as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. 
  • 616
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stem Cell Expression of Odontogenic Tumors and Cysts
Stem cells have been associated with self-renewing and plasticity and have been investigated in various odontogenic lesions in association with their pathogenesis and biological behavior. Stem cells might be linked to the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of odontogenic pathologies and represent a potential target for future individualized therapies.
  • 616
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MBOAT7  in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and prevalent disorder affecting 25 percent of the adults in the United States and 32 percent of adults globally. It is one of the common causes of chronic liver disease characterized by steatosis, which can lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Multiple genetic variants have been consistently found to be associated with NAFLD; one of them is found in the TMC4-MBOAT7 loci. One variant (rs641738 C>T) within MBOAT7 encoding lysophosphatidyl inositol acyltransferase increases the risk for NAFLD development and triggers hepatic inflammation by regulating arachidonic acid levels. 
  • 616
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
microRNAs Deregulation in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Complex genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of PCa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate protein expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting protein translation.
  • 615
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
RXynSOS
A GH10 β-1,4-endoxylanase (XynSOS), from the ascomycetous fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae, has been heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris, purified, and characterized. rXynSOS is a highly glycosylated monomeric enzyme of 53 kDa that contains a functional CBM1 domain and shows its optimal activity on azurine cross-linked (AZCL)–beechwood xylan at 70 °C and pH 5. rXynSOS was capable of transglycosylating phenolic compounds, although with low efficiencies.
  • 614
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reporter Genes for Brain Imaging
The use of molecular imaging technologies for brain imaging can not only play an important supporting role in disease diagnosis and treatment but can also be used to deeply study brain functions. With the support of reporter gene technology, optical imaging has achieved a breakthrough in brain function studies at the molecular level. Reporter gene technology based on traditional clinical imaging modalities is also expanding. By benefiting from the deeper imaging depths and wider imaging ranges now possible, these methods have led to breakthroughs in preclinical and clinical research.
  • 614
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
Breast cancer subtypes expressing hormone receptors (HR+ BCa) have a good prognosis and respond to first-line endocrine therapy (ET). However, the majority of HR+ BCa patients exhibit intrinsic or acquired ET resistance (ET-R) and rapid onset of incurable metastatic BCa. With the failure of conventional ET, limited targeted therapy exists for ET-R HR+ BCa patients. The androgen receptor (AR) in HR-negative BCa subtypes is emerging as an attractive alternative target for therapy. The AR drives Luminal AR (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer progression, and LAR patients consistently exhibit positive clinical benefits with AR antagonists in clinical trials. In contrast, the function of the AR in HR+ BCa is more conflicting. AR in HR+ BCa correlates with a favorable prognosis, and yet, the AR supports the development of ET-R BCa. While AR antagonists were ineffective, ongoing clinical trials with a selective AR modulator have shown promise for HR+ BCa patients.
  • 614
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Melatonin Use for Early Life Origins of Hypertension
 Hypertension represents a major disease burden worldwide. Abundant evidence suggests that hypertension can originate in early life. Adverse programming processes can be prevented by early life intervention—namely, reprogramming—to avoid developing chronic diseases later in life. Melatonin is an endogenously produced hormone with a multifaceted biological function. Although melatonin supplementation has shown benefits for human health, less attention has been paid to exploring its reprogramming effects on the early life origins of hypertension.
  • 613
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
ROS and Autophagy in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is the main factor restraining the clinical application of cisplatin. As increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may promote the progression of the injury, the elimination of ROS has been considered as an effective method to prevent the cisplatin-induced AKI. In addition, it has been revealed that an inducer of autophagy could protect kidney cells in the autophagy dependent manner. Induction of autophagy could also modulate the production of ROS in cases of renal injury.
  • 613
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues
Humanin is a 24-mer peptide first reported in the early 2000s as a new neuroprotective/cytoprotective factor rescuing neuronal cells from death induced by various Alzheimer’s disease-associated insults. Nowadays it is known that humanin belongs to the novel class of the so-called mitochondrial-derived peptides (which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA) and has been shown to exert beneficial cytoprotective effects in a series of in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of human diseases, including not only neurodegenerative disorders but other human diseases as well (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus).
  • 613
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Limited Access to Drug in Malaria Control
Malaria burden has severe impact on the world. Several arsenals, including the use of antimalarials, are in place to curb the malaria burden. Limited access to drugs ensures that patients do not get the right doses of the antimalarials in order to have an effective plasma concentration to kill the malaria parasites, which leads to treatment failure and overall reduction in malaria control via increased transmission rate. 
  • 612
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Salivary Amino Acid Levels in Cancer
Amino acids, as a raw material for protein synthesis and a product of protein metabolism, enter the body or are synthesized endogenously. They play mainly physiological roles as major metabolites and regulators of metabolism among the most important compounds.
  • 612
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle as Resourceful Biological Systems
In the era of multi-omic sciences, which continuously provide a more comprehensive overview of human pathogenesis, dogma on singular cause-effect in physio-pathological processes is overcome and system biology approaches have been welcomed to look at pathologies through new perspectives. In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also been targets of this approach, shedding light on their heterogeneity in terms of content, function, origin and potentiality.
  • 611
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Differentially Regulated miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer is a complex and enigmatic disease caused by a series of alterations in genes that control cell growth and proliferation. miRNA was discovered by Ambros and co-workers in Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode), during their genetic study to investigate defects in the temporal control of C. elegans development.
  • 611
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Hemagglutination Mediated by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein
Although COVID-19 typically gains infectious penetration in the respiratory epithelium, vascular damage is frequently observed in lungs and other organ systems of COVID-19 patients, with morbidities such as intravascular clotting, microvascular occlusion and peripheral ischemia. The arrangement and chemical composition of the glycans at the 22 N-glycosylation sites of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and those at the sialoglycoprotein coating of RBCs allow exploration of specifics as to how virally induced RBC clumping may form. The in vitro and clinical testing of these possibilities can be sharpened by the incorporation of an existing anti-COVID-19 therapeutic that has been found in silico to competitively bind to multiple glycans on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
  • 611
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
IQGAPs
IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins (IQGAPs) modulate a wide range of cellular processes by acting as scaffolds and driving protein components into distinct signaling networks. Their functional states have been proposed to be controlled by members of the RHO family of GTPases, among other regulators. In this study, we show that IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 can associate with CDC42 and RAC1-like proteins but not with RIF, RHOD, or RHO-like proteins, including RHOA. This seems to be based on the distribution of charged surface residues, which varies significantly among RHO GTPases despite their high sequence homology. Although effector proteins bind first to the highly flexible switch regions of RHO GTPases, additional contacts outside are required for effector activation. Sequence alignment and structural, mutational, and competitive biochemical analyses revealed that RHO GTPases possess paralog-specific residues outside the two highly conserved switch regions that essentially determine the selectivity of RHO GTPase binding to IQGAPs. Amino acid substitution of these specific residues in RHOA to the corresponding residues in RAC1 resulted in RHOA association with IQGAP1. Thus, electrostatics most likely plays a decisive role in these interactions
  • 610
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
VEGF/VEGFR Axis for Cancer Therapy
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) axis is indispensable in the process of angiogenesis and has been implicated as a key driver of tumor vascularization. Consequently, several strategies that target VEGF and its cognate receptors, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, have been designed to treat cancer. While therapies targeting full-length VEGF have resulted in an improvement in both overall survival and progression-free survival in various cancers, these benefits have been modest. In addition, the inhibition of VEGFRs is associated with undesirable off-target effects. Moreover, VEGF splice variants that modulate sprouting and non-sprouting angiogenesis have been identified. Cues within the tumor microenvironment determine the expression patterns of these variants. Noteworthy is that the mechanisms of action of these variants challenge the established norm of VEGF signaling.
  • 609
  • 15 Dec 2022
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