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Topic Review
Single-Tear Proteomics and Precision Medicine
The tear film is formed by two distinct layers: an outer lipid layer and an inner aqueous layer containing proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, mucins, and transmembrane glycoproteins. The composition of these layers reflects the pathophysiological state of the tissues underneath, as well as that of the whole body, which makes tears an attractive source of potential biomarkers for the evaluation of health and disease states .Thanks to the high protein concentration (approximately ranging between 4 and 10 μg/μL in basal, open-eye tears) , tears can be easily analyzed by proteomics approaches, despite the low amount of sample that can be normally collected (around 6 μL from a single withdrawal).
  • 649
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Innovative Therapies Targeting Drug Resistant in ccRCC
A thorough study of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) shows that com- bining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) shows promising results in addressing the tumor-promoting influences of abnormal immunologi- cal and molecular biomarkers in metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). These abnormal biomarkers enhance drug resistance, support tumor growth, and trigger cancer- related genes. Ongoing clinical trials are testing new treatment options that appear more effective than earlier ones. However, more research is needed to confirm their long-term safety use and potential side effects. This study highlights vital molecular and immunologi- cal biomarkers associated with drug resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Furthermore, this study identifies a number of promising drug candidates and biomarkers that serve as significant contributors to the enhancement of the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Consequently, this article offers pertinent insights on both recently completed and ongoing clinical trials, recommending further toxicity study for the prolonged use of this treatment strategy for patients with metastatic ccRCC, while equipping researchers with invaluable information for the progression of current treatment strategies.
  • 649
  • 20 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Enzymatic Cleavages
Human whole saliva is a hypotonic fluid lining the oral cavity and is composed of water (99%) and a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds resulting from salivary gland secretion, oral flora, the oropharynx, the upper airway, gastrointestinal reflux, gingival crevicular fluid, food deposits, and mucosal surface secretion containing blood-derived components. The most-common PTM detectable in human saliva is the proteolytic cleavage of proteins.
  • 647
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hybridization Chain Reaction in Foodborne Pathogen Detection
Foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food, including foodborne pathogens, seriously threaten public health and the economy. This has led to the development of more sensitive and accurate methods for detecting pathogenic bacteria. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR), an isothermal nucleic acid hybridization signal amplification technique, has received increasing attention due to its enzyme-free and isothermal characteristics, and pathogenic bacteria detection methods using HCR for signal amplification have experienced rapid development in the last five years.
  • 647
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
General Properties of Genes Encoding Histone Variants
All the cells of an organism contain the same genome. However, each cell expresses only a minor fraction of its potential and, in particular, the genes encoding the proteins necessary for basal metabolism and the proteins responsible for its specific phenotype. The ability to use only the right and necessary genes involved in specific functions depends on the structural organization of the nuclear chromatin, which in turn depends on the epigenetic history of each cell, which is stored in the form of a collection of DNA and protein modifications. Among these modifications, DNA methylation and many kinds of post-translational modifications of histones play a key role in organizing the complex indexing of usable genes.
  • 646
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Mitochondria in NGF/TRKA/miR-145 in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological neoplasm, and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of ovarian malignancies. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and tropomyosin kinase A (TRKA), its high-affinity receptor, play a crucial role in pathogenesis through cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. NGF/TRKA increase their expression during the progression of EOC by upregulation of oncogenic proteins as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-Myc. Otherwise, the expression of most oncoproteins is regulated by microRNAs (miRs). Our laboratory group reported that the tumoral effect of NGF/TRKA depends on the regulation of miR-145 levels in EOC. Currently, mitochondria have been proposed as new therapeutic targets to activate the apoptotic pathway in the cancer cell. 
  • 645
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Retrotransposons in Cancer
Retrotransposons, which move from one genomic site to another by a copy-and-paste mechanism, are regulated by various molecular pathways that may be disrupted during tumorigenesis. Active retrotransposons can stimulate type I IFN responses. Although accumulated evidence suggests that retrotransposons can induce inflammation, the research investigating the exact mechanism of triggering these responses is ongoing.
  • 645
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metabolomics' Role in Crop Improvement and Abiotic Stresses
Plant metabolomics is a rapidly advancing field of plant sciences and systems biology. It involves comprehensive analyses of small molecules (metabolites) in plant tissues and cells. These metabolites include a wide range of compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, organic acids, secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids and flavonoids), lipids, and more. Metabolomics allows an understanding of the functional roles of specific metabolites in plants’ physiology, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. It can lead to the identification of metabolites linked with specific traits or functions. Plant metabolic networks and pathways can be better understood with the help of metabolomics. Researchers can determine how plants react to environmental cues or genetic modifications by examining how metabolite profiles change under various crop stages. Metabolomics plays a major role in crop improvement and biotechnology. 
  • 644
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes
Lipid membrane nanodomains are membrane areas enriched on proteins that can form oligomers and cluster in the membranes. The formation of these oligomers is favored by cholesterol and other lipid species. The described size of these domains is diverse, from 10–200 nm diameter, and their characteristics are sometimes associated with the lipid microenvironment ruling the interaction between cholesterol- and sphingolipids and proteins enriched in these domains, gathering different proteins with different roles, in the same domain. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain.
  • 643
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sputum Proteomics in Asthma
The identification of markers of inflammatory activity at the early stages of pulmonary diseases which share common characteristics that prevent their clear differentiation is of great significance to avoid misdiagnosis, and to understand the intrinsic molecular mechanism of the disorder. The combination of electrophoretic/chromatographic methods with mass spectrometry is currently a promising approach for the identification of candidate biomarkers of a disease. Since the fluid phase of sputum is a rich source of proteins which could provide an early diagnosis of specific lung disorders, it is frequently used in these studies.
  • 642
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Coenzyme A Biosynthesis and Malaria
Malaria parasites must acquire all necessary nutrients from the vertebrate and mosquito hosts to successfully complete their life cycle. Failure to acquire these nutrients can limit or even block parasite development and presents a novel target for malaria control. One such essential nutrient is pantothenate, also known as vitamin B5, which the parasite cannot synthesize de novo and is required for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) in the parasite. CoA is an essential cofactor in many cellular processes, including glucose oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, ketogenesis, amino acid metabolism, and protein acetylation, where CoA acts as a carrier of activated acetate.
  • 642
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Extended-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Extended small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) is a very aggressive disease, characterized by rapid growth and an early tendency to relapse. In contrast to non-small cell lung cancer, no therapeutic innovation has improved survival in patients with ED-SCLC over the past 20 years. Recently, immunotherapy has shown an important role in the management of these patients, emerging as the treatment of first choice in combination with chemotherapy and completely changing the therapeutic paradigm. However, patients’ selection for this strategy is still challenging due to a lack of reliable predictive biomarkers. Conversely, the immunotherapy efficacy beyond the first line is pretty disappointing and innovative chemotherapies or target agents seem to be more promising in this setting. Some of them are also under evaluation as an upfront strategy and they will probably change the treatment algorithm in the next future. This proposal provides a comprehensive overview of available treatment strategies for ED-SCLC patients, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.
  • 641
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies
Leukemia is often referred to as a clonal stem cell disorder where self-renewing leukemic stem cells (LSCs) have been described to initiate tumor formation and later cause chemotherapy resistance or failure and disease relapse. LSCs can either originate from transformed HSCs or their more differentiated and mutated progeny, depending on the type of leukemia, disease stage, and other contributing factors. 
  • 641
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Protein Content of Milk Extracellular Vesicles
Proteins represent one of the main components of milk, with high heterogeneity in terms of the number of protein species that can result from alternative splicing, single point mutations, and different post-translational modifications (PTMs).
  • 641
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Alcohol on Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Alcohol, a key part of human culture since ancient times, has various uses ranging from beverages to antiseptics and fuels. Different types of alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer, being the oldest and probably the most widely used drugs, were known for their therapeutic value in addition to the vital part they played in the daily life of people in ancient times. A standard alcohol unit, used to measure drinking consistently, varies globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that a standard drink contains 10 g of pure ethanol per day, though this varies (8–20 g) across countries.
  • 641
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bortezomib-Based Nanoformulations
Bortezomib (BTZ) is the first proteasome inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It can bind to the amino acid residues of the 26S proteasome, thereby causing the death of tumor cells. BTZ plays an irreplaceable role in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The applications of BTZ are limited due to its insufficient specificity, poor permeability, and low bioavailability. Therefore, in recent years, different BTZ-based drug delivery systems have been designed and developed. In the entry, the progress on BTZ-based nanoformulations was summarized.
  • 640
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in Airway Diseases
Inflammation of the human lung is mediated in response to different stimuli (e.g., physical, radioactive, infective, pro-allergenic, or toxic) such as cigarette smoke and environmental pollutants. These stimuli often promote an increase in different inflammatory activities in the airways, manifesting themselves as chronic diseases (e.g., allergic airway diseases, asthma chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or even lung cancer). Non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) are single-stranded RNA molecules of few nucleotides that regulate the gene expression involved in many cellular processes. ncRNA are molecules typically involved in the reduction of translation and stability of the genes of mRNAs s.
  • 640
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is the only family member of the EGRF/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases that lacks an active kinase domain (KD), which makes it an obligate binding partner with other receptors for its oncogenic role. When HER3 is activated in a ligand-dependent (NRG1/HRG) or independent manner, it can bind to other receptors (the most potent binding partner is HER2) to regulate many biological functions (growth, survival, nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, etc.) through the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway. 
  • 640
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lectins as Toxins from Marine Animals
Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric forms and can adopt diverse structures through various branching patterns. Despite their relatively small molecular weights, they exhibit extensive structural diversity. On the other hand, lectins, also known as carbohydrate-binding proteins, not only recognize and bind to the diverse structures of glycans but also induce various biological reactions based on structural differences. Initially discovered as hemagglutinins in plant seeds, lectins have been found to play significant roles in cell recognition processes in higher vertebrates. 
  • 637
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Facts about Cutaneous Melanoma
Cutaneous Melanoma is a form of skin cancer characterized by an elevated mutational load that favors high spread to distant organs and resistance to therapies. The identification of biomarkers, able to dissect normal and pathogenic biological processes and response to therapeutic intervention, is necessary to describe melanoma as accurately as possible, having a positive impact on early diagnosis, in turn selecting the best therapeutic option. Recently, a great number of new biomarkers were evaluated, in order to identify those patients who may have clinical benefit from a therapeutic choice, particularly for immunotherapy. At present, these new biomarkers wait to be validated before clinical use. Hence, the requirement to look at and periodically update the advances in this field. 
  • 636
  • 19 Jul 2021
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