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Topic Review
Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Recycling
An urgent demand for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected in the forthcoming years due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EV). To address these issues, various technologies such as the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical method, as well as the newly developed in-situ roasting reduction (in-situ RR) method were proposed in recent studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
T Cell Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease associated with various alterations in T cell phenotype and function leading to an abnormal cell population, ultimately leading to immune exhaustion. However, restoration of T cell function allows for the execution of cytotoxic mechanisms against leukemic cells in AML patients. Therefore, long-term disease control, which requires multiple therapeutic approaches, includes those aimed at the re-establishment of cytotoxic T cell activity. AML treatments that harness the power of T lymphocytes against tumor cells have rapidly evolved over the last 3 to 5 years through various stages of preclinical and clinical development. These include tissue-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs), bispecific antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, and tumor-specific T cell receptor gene-transduced T (TCR-T) cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Classification of Farmland Vegetation
The classification and identification of farmland vegetation includes classification based on vegetation index, spectral bands, multi-source data fusion, artificial intelligence learning, and drone remote sensing.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Sensors for Wound Infection Biomarkers Detection
Infection represents a major complication that can affect wound healing in any type of wound, especially in chronic ones. There are currently certain limitations to the methods that are used for establishing a clinical diagnosis of wound infection. Thus, new, rapid and easy-to-use strategies for wound infection diagnosis need to be developed. To this aim, wearable sensors for infection diagnosis have been recently developed. These sensors are incorporated into the wound dressings that are used to treat and protect the wound, and are able to detect certain biomarkers that can be correlated with the presence of wound infection. Among these biomarkers, the most commonly used ones are pH and uric acid, but a plethora of others (lactic acid, oxygenation, inflammatory mediators, bacteria metabolites or bacteria) have also been detected using wearable sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Virus-Like Particles-Based COVID-19 Vaccines
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a versatile, safe, and highly immunogenic vaccine platform. The use of a very flexible vaccine platform in COVID-19 vaccine development is an important feature that cannot be ignored. Incorporating the spike protein and its variations into VLP vaccines is a desirable strategy as the morphology and size of VLPs allows for better presentation of several different antigens. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Allergy to Fungi in Veterinary Medicine
The fungal kingdom comprises ubiquitous forms of life with 1.5 billion years, mostly phytopathogenic and commensals for humans and animals. However, in the presence of immune disorders, fungi may cause disease by intoxicating, infecting or sensitizing with allergy. Species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus and Malassezia, as well as dermatophytes from the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, are the most commonly implicated in veterinary medicine. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Trap Formation in the Nematode-Trapping Fungi
Nematode-trapping (NT) fungi play a significant role in the biological control of plant- parasitic nematodes. NT fungi, as a predator, can differentiate into specialized structures called “traps” to capture, kill, and consume nematodes at a nutrient-deprived condition. Therefore, trap formation is also an important indicator that NT fungi transition from a saprophytic to a predacious lifestyle. With the development of gene knockout and multiple omics such as genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, increasing studies have tried to investigate the regulation mechanism of trap formation in NT fungi. And elucidating the mechanism of trap formation will help to develop more effective anti-nematode agents by genetic modification.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Cyanophage–Host Relationships
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are naturally occurring phenomena, and cyanobacteria are the most commonly occurring HABs in freshwater systems. Cyanobacteria HABs (cyanoHABs) negatively affect ecosystems and drinking water resources through the production of potent toxins.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been extensively investigated, and it has emerged as an important regulator of synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, and differentiation. In addition, BDNF serves as a crucial molecular target for the development of drugs to treat neurological diseases. The synthesis and maturation of BDNF is a multistep process, starting with the formation of several precursor isoforms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Husband-selling
Husband-selling was the historical practice of: a wife selling a husband, generally to a new wife; a slave-master or master's estate selling the husband in an enslaved family, generally to a new slave-master; court-sentenced sales of fathers' services for a number of years, described as sales of fathers (one apparently a husband); sales of a husband as directed by a religious authority.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Adaptive Design
In an adaptive design of a clinical trial, the parameters and conduct of the trial for a candidate drug or vaccine may be changed based on an interim analysis. Adaptive design typically involves advanced statistics to interpret a clinical trial endpoint. This is in contrast to traditional randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that are static in their protocol and do not modify any parameters until the trial is completed. The adaptation process generally continues throughout the trial, as prescribed in the trial protocol. Adaptions may include modifications to: dosage, sample size, drug undergoing trial, patient selection criteria and/or "cocktail" mix. The PANDA (A Practical Adaptive & Novel Designs and Analysis toolkit) provides comprehensive summary of different adaptive designs. In some cases, trials have become an ongoing process that regularly adds and drops therapies and patient groups as more information is gained. Importantly, the trial protocol is set before the trial begins which pre-specifies the adaptation schedule and processes.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Services for Mental Disorders
Services for mental health disorders provide treatment, support, or advocacy to people who have psychiatric illnesses. These may include medical, behavioral, social, and legal services. Medical services are usually provided by mental health experts like psychiatrists, psychologists, and behavioral health counselors in a hospital or outpatient clinic. Behavioral services go hand-in-hand with medical services, referring specifically to pharmacological and cognitive therapy. Social services are usually provided by the government or nonprofit organizations. They arrange housing options, job training, or other community resources overseen by experienced professionals to ensure overall productivity and well being of individuals with mental illnesses. Legal services ensure that people with mental health disorders are not discriminated against in society and advocate for their basic human rights. In addition, legal services make sure that those individuals who might be a danger to themselves or others are diverted away from the judicial system to receive adequate treatment for underlying mental health issues. The information provided below is primarily regarding services offered within the United States of America, unless otherwise specified.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Volcanic Features on Io
This is a list of named volcanic surface features on Jupiter's moon Io. These names have been approved for use by the International Astronomical Union. The features listed below represent a subset of the total known volcanic features on Io's surface with the majority currently not having an officially approved name. The names of volcanic features on Io use a combination of a name derived from mythological figures from around the world related to the Sun, fire, volcanoes, thunder, or smithing, places from the Greek mythological story of Io, Dante's Inferno, or from the name of a nearby feature on Io's surface and an approved descriptive term. The descriptive term used is based on the type of feature named and how it was first discovered. Volcanoes that were first observed as an active feature from observations of a volcanic plume fit under the category of "Eruptive Center" and do not use a descriptive term, though portions of these features may have also received names that do use a descriptive term, like Prometheus Patera or Masubi Fluctus. Lava flows use the descriptive term fluctus or the plural fluctūs, e.g. Acala Fluctus. Volcanic depressions use the term patera or the plural paterae, e.g. Ah Peku Patera. The term has also become the generic term for referring to these structures. Small shield volcanoes use the term tholus or the plural tholi, e.g. Inachus Tholus. Finally, channels carved by volcanic lava flows through thermal erosion use the term vallis or the plural valles. See also the list of mountains on Io and the list of regions on Io.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Design Process for Building Climate Responsiveness
Increasingly prominent energy and environmental problems have pushed for higher requirements for buildings’ energy saving. According to the conventional energy-saving design method, the cooperative operation between architects, structural and equipment engineers and other professionals cannot run smoothly, so the energy-saving and emission reduction efficiency of the whole building cannot be improved effectively. The integrated design process (IDP) is a systematic method, which is applied in the scheme design stage and according to which the multi-level design factors of cities and buildings are considered comprehensively. It provides a concrete path of multi-specialty collaborative operation for the building’s climate responsive design.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Shock Capturing Method
In computational fluid dynamics, shock-capturing methods are a class of techniques for computing inviscid flows with shock waves. The computation of flow containing shock waves is an extremely difficult task because such flows result in sharp, discontinuous changes in flow variables such as pressure, temperature, density, and velocity across the shock.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epicardial Adipose Tissue
The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a metabolically active organ recently associated with heart failure and atrial fibrillation and classified as an independent risk factor for subclinical coronary artery disease. Some evidence suggests as the assessment of EAT using coronary artery calcium (CAC) might represent an additional tool to quantify patients’ cardiovascular risk.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aegilops tauschii and the Utilization in Wheat
Aegilops tauschii is one of the malignant weeds that affect wheat production and is also the wild species ancestor of the D genome of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, AABBDD). It contains many disease resistance genes that have been lost in the long-term evolution of wheat and is an important genetic resource for the mining and utilization of wheat disease resistance genes.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Noble Metal-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Hydrogen energy, a green renewable energy, has shown great potential in developing new energy and alleviating environmental problems. Water electrolysis is an effective method to achieve large-scale clean hydrogen production, but this process needs to consume a huge amount of electric energy. It is urgent to develop high-activity, high-stability and low-cost catalysts to reduce the consumption of electric energy. The noble metal catalyst is the star material in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but its stability and high cost restrict its large-scale application.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases in Muscular Dystrophies
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that regulate the deacetylation of numerous histone and non-histone proteins, thereby affecting a wide range of cellular processes. Deregulation of HDAC expression or activity is often associated with several pathologies, suggesting potential for targeting these enzymes for therapeutic purposes.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Maternal Obesity: Shaping Future Generations' Well-Being
Maternal obesity (MO) results in short- and long-term adverse outcomes for the offspring, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Maternal obesity can have profound implications for metabolic regulation during pregnancy due to changes in glucose metabolism to support fetal growth.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2023
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