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Topic Review
Metabolic Diseases and Exercise Effects on Platelets
Chronic disorders are strongly linked to cardiovascular (CV) diseases, and it is unanimously accepted that regular exercise training is a key tool to improving CV risk factors, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Increased oxidative stress due to an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and their scavenging by endogenous antioxidant capacity is the common ground among these metabolic disorders, and each of them affects platelet function. Habitual physical exercise triggers important mechanisms related to the exercise benefits for health improvement and protects against CV events. Platelets play an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including the development of arterial thrombosis, and physical (in)activity has been shown to interfere with platelet function. Although data reported by studies carried out on this topic show discrepancies, knowledge on platelet function affected by exercise mainly depends on the type of applied exercise intensity and whether acute or habitual, strenuous or moderate, thus suggesting that physical activity and exercise intensity may interfere with platelet function differently. 
  • 658
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition towards Clinical Applications in Cancer
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is crucial to metastasis by increasing cancer cell migration and invasion. At the cellular level, EMT-related morphological and functional changes are well established. At the molecular level, critical signaling pathways able to drive EMT have been described.
  • 657
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Phosphorylation of the NF-κB regulators
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor central to inflammation and various malignant diseases in humans. The regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by a myriad of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, one of the most popular PTM formats in NF-κB signaling. The regulation by phosphorylation modification is not limited to NF-κB subunits, but it also encompasses the diverse regulators of NF-κB signaling. The differential site-specific phosphorylation of NF-κB itself or some NF-κB regulators can result in dysregulated NF-κB signaling, often culminating in events that induce cancer progression and other hyper NF-κB related diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, as well as neuro-degenerative diseases, etc.
  • 655
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Heroin Regulates Orbitofrontal Circular RNAs
The number of drug overdose deaths involving opioids continues to rise in the United States. Many patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) that seek treatment still experience relapse. Perseverant opioid seeking behaviors represent a major challenge to treating OUD and additional therapeutic development will require insight into opioid-induced neurobiological adaptations.
  • 654
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Induced circRNAs in Human Diseases
Hypoxia is the driving force that is responsible for the characteristic metabolic switch from the oxidation of fatty acids in a healthy heart to the utilization of glucose in a failing myocardium. It also promotes the reactivation of fetal gene programs, thereby inducing the cardiac hypertrophy response, changing the composition of the extracellular matrix, and affecting mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as myocardial contractility. Hypoxia-related circRNAs may add to the complexities involved in the regulation of hypoxia-mediated effects, and unraveling the roles played by these circRNAs may provide new directions for the treatment of diverse diseases.
  • 654
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
G-Quadruplex Regulation
In eukaryotes, mRNAs translation is mainly mediated in a cap-dependent or cap-independent manner. The latter is primarily initiated at the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5′-UTR of mRNAs. It has been reported that the G-quadruplex structure (G4) in the IRES elements could regulate the IRES activity.
  • 653
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Involvement of GSTs in Insect Chemoperception
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are ubiquitous key enzymes with different activities as transferases or isomerases. As key detoxifying enzymes, GSTs are expressed in the chemosensory organs. They fulfill an essential protective role because the chemosensory organs are located in the main entry paths of exogenous compounds within the body. 
  • 653
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic signature implicated in regulation of gene expression that occurs predominantly within CpG dinucleotides.
  • 651
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Redox and Hypersensitivity Drug Reactions
Adverse drug reactions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Of the great diversity of drugs involved in hypersensitivity drug reactions, the most frequent are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs followed by β-lactam antibiotics. The redox status regulates the level of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS interplay and modulate the action of diverse biomolecules, such as inflammatory mediators and drugs. 
  • 650
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plant Ubiquitylome
Plants are constantly exposed to dynamic environmental conditions due to their sessile nature, which compels their cells to evolve and acquire the ability to change and survive from their endogenous status rapidly. The internal signal transduction ultimately induces modulation of cellular proteins in response to external stimuli (e.g., light or temperature stress). These post translational modifications (PTMs) impact protein’s location, stability and activity, eventually triggering a faster response. Ubiquitylation is one of the most prevalent PTMs, which was originally identified as a modulator of cellular protein turnover and homeostasis.
  • 650
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Time-Restricted Feeding and Obesity
Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease involving environmental factors, genetic predispositions, and human behaviors. Obesity has been commonly associated with muscle dysfunction and given the important metabolic roles and contribution to physical activity, maintaining muscle health is key to attenuation and prevention. A possible therapeutic strategy involves the implementation of a behavior intervention known as time-restricted feeding (TRF) which has garnered attention from the scientific community due to its associated benefits in metabolism and attenuation of obesity among others.
  • 650
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, specifically, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are identified as necessary factors in the development of cancer of the lower genital tract, with CaCU standing out as the most prevalent tumor. The mechanisms activated by HR-HPVs during cervical carcinogenesis involve infection by human papillomavirus, cellular tropism, genetic predisposition to uterine cervical cancer (CaCU), viral load, viral physical state, regulation of epigenetic mechanisms, loss of function of the E2 protein, deregulated expression of E6/E7 oncogenes, regulation of host cell protein function, and acquisition of the mesenchymal phenotype.
  • 650
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effort Distribution in Heavy Glycolytic Trials
Short, intensive, but above lactate threshold physical trials or competitions which last <1 min but are close to this time limit, are on the border between glycolytic and aerobic efforts. The distribution of effort is critical in these tasks to achieve the best possible results. There are several approaches, grounded in the philosophical basis of effort, which determine effort distribution. The problem is still open and a clear direction has not yet emerged from the available studies on the topic. 
  • 649
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Insertion of Precursor Polypeptides into the ER Membrane
The protein import into the organelle termed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about one-third of the different soluble and membrane proteins (MPs) of human cells and, therefore, represents a central cell biological research topic.
  • 649
  • 11 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Remodeling in Cardiac Diseases
Mitochondria undergo structural and functional remodeling to meet the cell demand in response to the intracellular and extracellular stimulations, playing an essential role in maintaining normal cellular function. Merging evidence demonstrated that dysregulation of mitochondrial remodeling is a fundamental driving force of complex human diseases, highlighting its crucial pathophysiological roles and therapeutic potential.
  • 648
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin K and Its Function
Vitamin K is a lipid-soluble vitamin that is normally maintained within appropriate levels by means of dietary intake and bacterial production in the intestinal microflora. It holds a central role in coagulation homeostasis, and thus its depletion leads to hypocoagulation and haemorrhagic diathesis.
  • 648
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase and Urological Cancers
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This entry aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers.
  • 646
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Capturing Transitional Pluripotency through Proline Metabolism
An imbalance in proline metabolism shifts mouse ESCs toward a stable naïve-to-primed intermediate state of pluripotency. Proline-induced cells (PiCs), also named primitive ectoderm-like cells (EPLs), are phenotypically metastable, a trait linked to a rapid and reversible relocalization of E-cadherin from the plasma membrane to intracellular membrane compartments. The ESC-to-PiC transition relies on the activation of Erk and Tgfβ/Activin signaling pathways and is associated with extensive remodeling of the transcriptome, metabolome and epigenome. PiCs maintain several properties of naïve pluripotency (teratoma formation, blastocyst colonization and 3D gastruloid development) and acquire a few traits of primed cells (flat-shaped colony morphology, aerobic glycolysis metabolism and competence for primordial germ cell fate). 
  • 645
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Single-Tear Proteomics and Precision Medicine
The tear film is formed by two distinct layers: an outer lipid layer and an inner aqueous layer containing proteins, metabolites, electrolytes, mucins, and transmembrane glycoproteins. The composition of these layers reflects the pathophysiological state of the tissues underneath, as well as that of the whole body, which makes tears an attractive source of potential biomarkers for the evaluation of health and disease states .Thanks to the high protein concentration (approximately ranging between 4 and 10 μg/μL in basal, open-eye tears) , tears can be easily analyzed by proteomics approaches, despite the low amount of sample that can be normally collected (around 6 μL from a single withdrawal).
  • 644
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MiRNAs in Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with a dismal prognosis and a high rate of recurrence and mortality. Therapeutic options are limited. In some cases, the distinction of ACCs from benign adrenal neoplasms with the existing widely available pathological and histopathological tools is difficult. Thus, new biomarkers have been tested. More than 10 miRNAs validated by multiple studies were found to present a diagnostic and prognostic role for ACC patients, from which miR-483-5p and miR-195 were the most frequently met biomarkers. In particular, upregulation of miR-483-5p and downregulation of miR-195 were the most commonly validated molecular alterations. Unfortunately, data on the therapeutic role of miRNA are still scarce and limited mainly at the experimental level. Thus, the role of miRNA regulation in ACC remains an area of active research.
  • 644
  • 22 Nov 2021
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