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Topic Review
Continuationism
Continuationism is a Christian theological belief that the gifts of the Holy Spirit have continued to the present age, specifically those sometimes called "sign gifts", such as tongues and prophecy. Continuationism is the opposite of cessationism. Continuationists believe that the miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit are still distributed today, are still in use, and are still needed in the church. The same Holy Spirit that the Apostle Paul wrote of, claiming that it gave him supernatural abilities, was also written about in the Old Testament, which claims that it also endowed such abilities upon those whom God chose to accomplish his works, as in the New Testament. Historically, the Lutheran, Methodist, Moravian, and Pentecostal traditions of Christianity have espoused the doctrinal position of continuationism.
  • 5.4K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Coffee Cherry Structure and Processing
Coffee bean harvesting incurs various by-products known for their long traditional use. However, they often still end up being a waste instead of being used to their full potential. On the European market, coffee cherry (cascara) products are not yet common, and a novel food approval for beverages made from coffee cherry pulp was issued only recently. 
  • 5.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Projective Test
In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test. This is sometimes contrasted with a so-called "objective test" / "self-report test", which adopt a "structured" approach as responses are analyzed according to a presumed universal standard (for example, a multiple choice exam), and are limited to the content of the test. The responses to projective tests are content analyzed for meaning rather than being based on presuppositions about meaning, as is the case with objective tests. Projective tests have their origins in psychoanalysis, which argues that humans have conscious and unconscious attitudes and motivations that are beyond or hidden from conscious awareness.
  • 5.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New Guinea Highlands
The New Guinea Highlands, also known as the Central Range or Central Cordillera, is a long chain of mountain ranges on the island of New Guinea, including the island's tallest peak, Puncak Jaya 16,024 ft (4,884 m), the highest mountain in Oceania. The range is home to many intermountain river valleys, many of which support thriving agricultural communities. The highlands run generally east-west the length of the island, which is divided politically between Indonesia in the west and Papua New Guinea in the east.
  • 5.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Foundation of Classical Mechanics
Mechanics is the science of the equilibrium and motion of bodies subject to forces. The adjective classical, hence Classical Mechanics , was added in the 20th century to distinguish it from relativistic mechanics which studies motion with speed close to light speed and quantum mechanics which studies motion at a subatomic level.
  • 5.4K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Product Extraction Techniques
Conventional extraction techniques, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, percolation, and decoction, are known to be time-, solvent-, and energy-intensive. In contrast, various non-conventional techniques for the extraction process, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), have been developed to increase the yield of bioactive compounds and address the aforementioned issues. These contemporary techniques have demonstrated their sustainability compared to conventional ones. Low-temperature and environmentally friendly extraction techniques have gained popularity for producing high-quality bioactive extracts. UAE, in particular, has attracted considerable interest due to its advantages over conventional extraction methods, which include greater extraction efficiency, preservation of bioactive compound stability, shorter extraction time, and industrial application. Thus, non-conventional extraction techniques like SFE, MAE, and UAE offer sustainable and efficient alternatives to conventional methods, allowing for increased bioactive compound yield, shorter extraction times, and improved stability, making them popular choices for high-quality extraction in low-temperature and environmentally friendly approaches.
  • 5.4K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Spray freeze-drying in pharmaceutical products
Pharmaceutical manufacturing is evolving from traditional batch processes to continuous ones. The present review deals with the most recent technologies, based on spray freeze-drying, that can achieve this objective. It provides a comprehensive overview of the physics behind this process and of the most recent equipment design.
  • 5.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Preparation of Nanofluids
There are two different ways of preparing nanofluids categorized in a one-step process and a two-step process. The origin of the word “nanofluid” is connected with the work by Choi et al. back in 1995, where they researched enhancement of thermal conductivity of fluids mixed with nanoparticles, determined the direction of further research, described the theoretical study of these fluids, and set potential benefits of nanofluids. From that point, the number of scientific papers that deal with nanofluids has been exponentially increasing. 
  • 5.4K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Annular Erythemas and Purpuras
Annular dermatoses (AD) are a heterogeneous group of skin diseases, whose common feature is essentially the annular or circular arrangement of the lesions with centrifugal spreading. They belong to the group of figurate dermatoses, to which can be added linear or serpiginous dermatoses, for example. They are a fascinating curiosity for the dermatologist, as they form patterns and arabesques on the patient’s body.
  • 5.4K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Malaysia’s Housing Policy, Low-Income Households' Housing Affordability
Housing affordability is a long-held issue in Malaysia and housing policies for low-income households have been implemented over years. However, there is a contradiction that housing affordability of low-income households has not been met, while a bulk of affordable housing is still vacant. In 2019, Malaysia enacted the National Affordable Housing Policy (DRMM) which was intended to improve housing affordability for low-income groups. In such circumstances, the questions are, why Malaysia’s long-term implementation of affordable housing policies cannot guarantee housing affordability and whether the DRMM can effectively improve housing affordability as expected.
  • 5.4K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Pomegranate Juice Processing by Membranes
Pomegranate juice exhibits high antioxidant capacity because of its rich content of polyphenols, which represent the highest proportion of phytochemicals in pomegranate. Conventional pressure-driven membrane operations and innovative membrane operations, such as osmotic distillation and pervaporation, are discussed in relation to their potential in juice clarification, fractionation, concentration and aroma recovery. Their implementation in integrated systems offer new opportunities to improve the healthiness and quality of the juice as well as to recover, purify and concentrate bioactive compounds for the formulation of functional ingredients.
  • 5.4K
  • 15 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Women in Taoism
The roles of women in Taoism (/ˈdaʊɪzəm/, /ˈtaʊ-/) (also spelled "Daoism" /ˈdaʊ-/) have differed from the traditional patriarchy over women in ancient and imperial China. Chinese women had special importance in some Taoist schools that recognized their transcendental abilities to communicate with deities, who frequently granted women with revealed texts and scriptures. Women first came to prominence in the Highest Clarity School, which was founded in the 4th century by a woman, Wei Huacun. The Tang dynasty (618-907) was a highpoint for the importance of Daoist women, when one-third of the Shangqing clergy were women, including many aristocratic Daoist nuns. The number of Daoist women decreased until the 12th century when the Complete Perfection School, which ordained Sun Bu'er as the only woman among its original disciples, put women in positions of power. In the 18th and 19th centuries, women Daoists practiced and discussed nüdan (女丹, "women's neidan inner alchemy"), involving gender-specific practices of breath meditation and visualization. Furthermore, Daoist divinities and cults have long traditions in China, for example, the Queen Mother of the West, the patron of xian immortality, He Xiangu, one of the Eight Immortals, and Mazu, the protectress of sailors and fishermen.
  • 5.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability Green Industry 4.0
The Sustainability Green Industry (SGI) 4.0 framework captures the relations of Industry 4.0, green processes and sustainability in manufacturing. The framework is structured into three vertical levels: technological, process and development, integrated through the circular economy. The SGI 4.0 framework’s purpose is to explain how Industry 4.0 technologies create sustainability outcomes through green processes. The facilitating, enabling and supporting functions of green processes allow to understand how modern technologies can be linked to the concept of sustainability. In the literature we can find various concepts connecting Industry 4.0 and sustainability, however, the key role of green processes is not mentioned.
  • 5.4K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Extensive Sheep and Goat Production
Sheep and goat extensive production systems are conducted in many different parts of the world, and they often use essentially marginal areas unsuitable for crop production, characterized by low productivity per animal and per surface area. They positively impact local socio-economic activities, playing an essential role in the maintenance of rural communities, on ecosystems, and in the production of unique, valued foods such as lamb meat or cheeses. However, such systems are under significant pressure, mainly because there is little labor availability, and they have traditionally low productivity and often poor economic viability.
  • 5.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Heteroscedasticity
In statistics, a vector of random variables is heteroscedastic (or heteroskedastic; from Ancient Greek hetero "different" and skedasis "dispersion") if the variability of the random disturbance is different across elements of the vector. Here, variability could be quantified by the variance or any other measure of statistical dispersion. Thus heteroscedasticity is the absence of homoscedasticity. A typical example is the set of observations of income in different cities. The existence of heteroscedasticity is a major concern in regression analysis and the analysis of variance, as it invalidates statistical tests of significance that assume that the modelling errors all have the same variance. While the ordinary least squares estimator is still unbiased in the presence of heteroscedasticity, it is inefficient and generalized least squares should be used instead. Because heteroscedasticity concerns expectations of the second moment of the errors, its presence is referred to as misspecification of the second order. The econometrician Robert Engle was awarded the 2003 Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics for his studies on regression analysis in the presence of heteroscedasticity, which led to his formulation of the autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) modeling technique.
  • 5.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Biography
K. Eric Drexler
Kim Eric Drexler (born April 25, 1955) is an American engineer best known for popularizing the potential of molecular nanotechnology (MNT), from the 1970s and 1980s. His 1991 doctoral thesis at Massachusetts Institute of Technology was revised and published as the book Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery Manufacturing and Computation (1992), which received the Association of American Publishers awa
  • 5.4K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
P5 (Microarchitecture)
The original Pentium microprocessor was introduced by Intel on March 22, 1993. It was instruction set compatible with the 80486 but was a new and very different microarchitecture design. The P5 Pentium was the first superscalar x86 microarchitecture and the world’s first superscalar microprocessor to be in mass production. It included dual integer pipelines, a faster floating-point unit, wider data bus, separate code and data caches as well as many other techniques and features to enhance performance and support security, encryption, and multiprocessing for workstations and servers. Considered the fifth main generation in the 8086 compatible line of processors, its implementation and microarchitecture was called P5. As with all new processors from Intel since the Pentium, some new instructions were added to enhance performance for specific types of workloads. The Pentium was the first Intel x86 to build in robust hardware support for multiprocessing similar to that of large IBM mainframe computers. Intel worked closely with IBM to define this capability and then Intel designed it into the P5 microarchitecture. This new capability was not present in prior x86 generations or x86 copies from competitors. In order to realize its greatest potential, compilers had to be optimized to take advantage of the instruction level parallelism provided by the new superscalar dual pipelines and applications needed to be recompiled. Intel spent substantial effort and resources working with development tool vendors, and major ISV and OS companies to optimize their products for Pentium prior to product launch. In October 1996, the similar Pentium MMX was introduced, complementing the same basic microarchitecture with the MMX instruction set, larger caches, and some other enhancements. Competitors included Motorola 68040, Motorola 68060, PowerPC 601, SPARC, MIPS, Alpha families, most of which also used a superscalar in-order dual instruction pipeline configuration at some time. Intel discontinued the P5 Pentium processors (sold as a cheaper product since the Pentium II of 1997) in early 2000 in favor of the Celeron processor, which had also replaced the 80486 brand.
  • 5.4K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Orion
Orion, one of the most recognizable constellations in the night sky, is steeped in mythology and astronomical significance. Named after the legendary hunter from Greek mythology, Orion is adorned with bright stars, including the famous Orion's Belt, and hosts a plethora of celestial wonders, such as the Orion Nebula, making it a favorite among stargazers.
  • 5.4K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Classes of Transposable Elements
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that constitute a sizeable portion of many eukaryotic genomes. Through their mobility, they represent a major source of genetic variation, and their activation can cause genetic instability and has been linked to aging, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 5.4K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cotton Seed
Seed germination is the basis for the proliferation of sexual-reproducing plants, efficient crop production, and a successful crop improvement research program. While seeds are a vital form of dispersal and propagation of plants in the environment, they had to develop mechanisms in unfavorable circumstances to ensure the preservation of the next generation. One of the major survival adaptations of seeds is dormancy. This phenomenon allows the seed to delay and coordinate germination according to environmental conditions and it is essential to the conservation and proliferation of a species. Generally, dormant seeds naturally start or resume the germination process once they detect environmental signals indicating suitable conditions for plant development such as temperature fluctuations, water availability, and even smoke. If unfavorable conditions persist and seeds halt germination for a long period, aging might negatively impact this process. Modifications in the seed structure like the hard seed trait in cotton can also affect germination. Often referred to as physical dormancy, hard seeds are water impermeable and prevent gas exchange and water uptake by the embryo.
  • 5.4K
  • 23 Dec 2021
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