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Topic Review
Automatic Speech Recognition in Portuguese Language
Automatic speech recognition (ASR), commonly known as speech-to-text, is the process of transcribing audio recordings into text, i.e., transforming speech into the respective sequence of words. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Emotional Clarity and Emotional Intelligence Ability
Emotional clarity is one facet of emotional intelligence that refers to one’s meta-understanding of and ability to identify and describe feelings. The existing research has largely focused on trait (typical levels of) emotional clarity and its benefits for greater psychological well-being, more successful emotion regulation/coping, and diminished psychopathology. Emerging work is focused on characterizing the dynamic nature of emotion clarity in daily life which may provide insights into how emotional intelligence is engaged in everyday life. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Innovative Materials for Sustainable Buildings’ Energy Performance
In a broader context, sustainable materials refer to materials that are produced, used, and disposed of in a way that minimizes their impact on the environment, society, and economy. The concept of sustainability involves meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Therefore, sustainable materials support ecological balance, conserve resources, and contribute to long-term societal well-being. They could be synthesized by microorganisms (or part of them) under different/ specific environmental conditions known as bio-sourced material or Geo-materials inspired by geological systems originating from the billion years long history of the earth (having geological origin) or even green materials that have a negligible load on the earth's environment and are harmless to human health in the process of raw material collection, product manufacturing, the application process, and after use. In the presence of these materials, conventional materials will be outdated. Their application in novel ways, especially in the building sector, is merely popping out, calling to be explored and applied in research. Using sustainable building materials is a promising alternative in building envelope applications to improve in-use energy efficiency. These materials, having a low environmental impact, the advantage of being renewable, and low embodied energy, contribute to global sustainability. During the last decades, waste management and green energy have gained massive popularity as they act on preserving the environment, reducing waste treatment and disposal costs, and generating alternative materials vulnerable to many industrial applications. These materials are sustainable and will positively affect social well-being as they will be replenished by photosynthesis daily. These pragmatic materials are the unsurpassed alternative as they not only target the reduction in daily carbon dioxide emissions but also offer thermal comfort with less energy consumption for the functioning of the buildings. With everything happening around us, it is vital to take serious measures when moderating and controlling energy consumption everywhere.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Infertility and Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune condition that is initiated in genetically susceptible individuals by the exposure of the intestines to gluten, a protein that is typically present in wheat, barley, and rye.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Participatory Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) provides companies with two benefits: creating social value and strengthening consumer relationships. Companies implement various types of CSR to maximize the positive effects of CSR, participatory CSR being one of these types.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Insights into Symmetry Breaking
Symmetry breaking is a phenomenon that is observed in various contexts, from the early universe to complex organisms, and it is considered a key puzzle in understanding the emergence of life. The importance of this phenomenon is underscored by the prevalence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins. The presence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins highlights its critical role. However, the origin of symmetry breaking has yet to be comprehensively explained, particularly from an energetic standpoint.  Therefore, a novel approach is explored by considering energy dissipation, specifically the lost free energy, as a crucial factor in elucidating symmetry breaking. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis applicable to all scales from elementary particles to aggregate structures such as crystals is performed, we present experimental evidence establishing a direct link between nonequilibrium free energy and energy dissipation during the formation of the structures. Results emphasize the pivotal role of energy dissipation, not only as an outcome but as the trigger for symmetry breaking. This insight suggests that understanding the origins of complex systems, from cells to living beings and the universe itself, requires a lens focused on nonequilibrium processes  
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Factors Affecting the Lipoprotein(a) Levels
Lipoprotein(a) is a variant of LDL-C, distinguished by the covalent binding of ApoB100 to a unique glycoprotein called apolipoprotein(a) via a disulfide thioester bond.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
AI Transforming Cameroon’s Counter-Terrorism and Public Safety Strategy
This entry is a desk-based policy analysis, not an empirical study. It does not draw on original interviews, government access, or classified data. Where it references the security situation, legal framework, or regional cooperation, it cites publicly available reporting. Where it discusses what AI could do, this is framed explicitly as a proposal and a synthesis of publicly documented approaches elsewhere — not as findings from Cameroonian officials or verified operational detail about how any specific country's system works internally. Readers should treat the recommendations as a starting point for further, properly resourced research, not as a finished implementation plan.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Aug 2026
Topic Review
Plasma Modeling and Prebiotic Chemistry
The plasma kinetics involves elementary processes by which free electrons ultimately activate weakly reactive molecules, such as carbon dioxide or methane, thereby potentially starting prebiotic reaction chains. These processes include electron–molecule reactions and energy exchanges between molecules. They are basic processes, for example, in the famous Miller-Urey experiment, and become relevant in any prebiotic scenario where the primordial atmosphere is significantly ionized by electrical activity, photoionization or meteor phenomena. The kinetics of plasma displays remarkable complexity due to the non-equilibrium features of the energy distributions involved.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Sensing Technology and Long COVID
Long COVID consequences have changed the perception towards disease management, and it is moving towards personal healthcare monitoring. Wearable sensors are being explored for its simplicity, portability, and real time health monitoring system. These smart devices can detect physiological changes in the human body providing a real time solution for quicker medical decision.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cutaneous Bullous Dermatologic Adverse Events
Anti-cancer therapy improves outcomes for cancer patients; however, many classes of anti-cancer therapy have been implicated in the induction of bullous dermatologic adverse events (DAE), leading to reduced patient quality of life and in some cases discontinuation of life-prolonging or palliative therapy. Timely and effective management of adverse events is critical for reducing treatment interruptions and preserving an anti-tumor effect. Bullous DAE may be limited to the skin or have systemic involvement with greater risk of morbidity and mortality.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Himalayan Sources of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins, the colored water-soluble pigments, have increasingly drawn the attention of researchers for their novel applications. The sources of anthocyanin are highly diverse, and it can be easily extracted. The unique biodiversity of the Himalayan Mountain range is an excellent source of anthocyanin, but it is not completely explored. Numerous attempts have been made to study the phytochemical aspects of different Himalayan plants. In this entry, some Himalayan sources of anthocyanins have been described to create a path for further research and sustainable utilization. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Production of Anthocyanins Using Plant Cell
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in plants. They exist in various colors, including red, purple, and blue, and are utilized as natural colorants in the food and cosmetics industries. The pharmaceutical industry uses anthocyanins as therapeutic compounds because they have several medicinal qualities, including anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Plant cell cultures have been studied to understand their part in in vitro production of anthocyanins for use in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and cell or organ cultures have been initiated in more than 50 plant species. Researchers experienced pigmentation in cell cultures regardless of the plant, species, source of explants, and types of cultures established since the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is common to all flowering plants. Three significant plant species—carrot (Daucus carota), grape (Vitis vinifera), and strawberry (Fragaria ananassa)—have been the subject of in-depth research on in vitro cell cultures for the production of anthocyanins, among others. Several excellent review articles have been published and innumerable patents have been granted from time to time on anthocyanin production from in vitro cultures. The flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is generally well-studied and established. 
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gap Junction Channel
In most tissues, cells in contact with each other exchange cytosolic molecules of low molecular weight via channels aggregated at gap junctions. Gap junction mediated cell-to-cell communication allows neighboring cells to coordinate and regulate many functional activities in mature and developing organs. A gap junction channel is made of the interaction of two hemichannels (connexons/innexons) that form a hydrophilic pathway across the two apposed plasma membranes and the extracellular space (gap). Each connexon/innexon is an oligomer of six proteins (connexins/innexins) that span the plasma membrane and create a hydrophilic pore insulated from lipid bilayer and extracellular medium (Rev. in: Peracchia, C., Gap junction stucture and chemical regulation. Direct calmodulin role in cell-to-cell channel gating. Academic Press. An imprint of Elsevier: London, UK, 2019). Gap junction channels have been thought to possess as many as four types of gates: fast transjunctional voltage (Vj) gate, slow Vj-gate, chemical gate and gate sensitive to membrane potential (Vm). However, since the behavior of the slow Vj-gate and the Vm-sensitive is the same as that of the chemical gate, most likely these gates are the same. We have named this gate “chemical/slow gate” (Peracchia, C. Calmodulin-mediated regulation of gap junction channels. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 485). In 2000, we proposed a calmodulin (CaM)-mediated “cork-type” gating model. The model proposes two mechanisms. One, “Ca-CaM-Cork”, envisions physical blockage of the channel’s mouth by a CaM lobe (N-lobe?), likely to be combined with conformational connexin changes induced by Ca2+-CaM binding to connexin sites. The other, “CaM-Cork”, also proposes a physical blockage of the channel’s mouth by a CaM lobe, but without calcium-ctivation. The first is only reversed by the return of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) to resting values. The latter is reversed by Vj positive at the gated side (Peracchia, C. Calmodulin-Cork model of gap junction channel gating. - One molecule, two mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 4938). Evidence that gap junction mediated cell communication is finely regulated by nanomolar [Ca2+]i via the direct action of Ca2+-CaM indicates that gap junction channel gating is not just a safety mechanism for protecting cells from damaged/dead neighbors (healing-over). Rather, it is also a mechanism designed to finely modulate cell–cell exchange of small molecules. In summary: At resting [Ca2+]i, (<50nM) some channels are spontaneously closed by the CaM-Cork gating mechanism. With moderate [Ca2+]i rise (50–100 nM, the CaMKII cascade may be activated causing channels closed by the CaM-Cork mechanism to open. With greater [Ca2+]i rise (>100 nM), the channels start closing by the Ca-CaM-Cork mechanism. CaM lobe channel mouth plugging is likely to include connexin conformational changes. CaM-Cork gated channels could be reopened by Vj positive at gated side, but since they would close at the negative side no Gj change would occur. This is not the case with heterotypic channels between wild-type connexins paired with more gating-sensitive mutants. Most Ca-CaM-Cork gated channels reopen with a drop in [Ca2+]i to resting values (<50 nM). However, with prolonged exposure to high [Ca2+]i, channel gating may not be reversible. Many questions still need to be answered in terms of molecular details, such as: Is CaM anchored to the NT or the CL2 domain? Is CaM anchored to connexins by the C-lobe or the N-lobe? Is the gating lobe the N-lobe or the C-lobe? Does the gating lobe bind to the CL2 or the NT CaM binding site? Are all of the CaMs anchored to a connexon Ca2+-activated? If so, how many lobes gate the channel? Does CaM activation cause connexin conformational changes?
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jul 2020
Topic Review
BRAF Mutated Colorectal Cancer
Colon cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in adults, considering both its incidence and prevalence. Anatomically, the right colon is considered as being from the cecum to the splenic flexure, and the left colon is from the splenic flexure to the rectum. Sidedness is a surrogate of a wide spectrum of colorectal cancer (CRC) biology features (embryology, microbiome, methylation, microsatellite instability (MSI), BRAF, aging, KRAS, consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), etc.), which result in prognostic factors. Different molecular subtypes have been identified, according to genomic and transcriptomic criteria. A subgroup harboring a BRAF mutation has been described, and represents approximately 10% of the patients diagnosed with colon cancer. This subgroup has morphological, clinical, and therapeutic characteristics that differ substantially from patients who do not carry this genetic alteration. Unfortunately, there is no established standard of care for this particular cohort of patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Glycemic Index
Glycemic Index is an indicator originally used to help obese and diabetic people to manage their weight in glucose level by helping them choose adapted food. However, dietary interventions using low glycemic index food have shown encouraging improvements in people with brain diseases.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Treatment of Sjogren’s Syndrome
This entry summarizes the current knowledge of T cells subsets contribution to the SS immunopathology, focusing on the cellular and biomolecular properties allowing them to infiltrate and to harm target tissues and, that simultaneously make them key therapeutic targets for SS treatment. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant Pathobiome
Although there is an inconsistency in the definition of pathobiome in the literature, it could simply be defined as the set of organisms (i.e., complex eukaryotic, microbial, and viral communities) within the plant’s biotic environment, which interact with the host to deteriorate its health status. The recent advances in the multi-omics studies facilitated the understanding of the plant holobiont as an ecological unit with the associated living species. The plant microbiota serves various essential and beneficial roles, while pathogenic microbes can damage the plant tissues through transient blooming under specific conditions. The one pathogen–one disease hypothesis is becoming insufficient to describe the disease process in many cases, particularly when complex organismic communities are involved. Here, we cover the steady transition of plant pathology from the one pathogen–one disease hypothesis to the emerging pathobiome paradigm and review previous reports on model plant diseases in which more than one pathogen or co-operative interactions amongst pathogenic microbes are implicated
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
DHA Supplementation during Pregnancy
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation during pregnancy has been recommended by several health organizations due to its role in neural, visual, and cognitive development. There are several fat sources available on the market for the manufacture of these dietary supplements with DHA. These fat sources differ in the lipid structure in which DHA is esterified, mainly phospholipids (PL) and triglycerides (TG) molecules. The supplementation of DHA in the form of PL or TG during pregnancy can lead to controversial results depending on the animal model, physiological status and the fat sources utilized. The intestinal digestion, placental uptake, and fetal accretion of DHA may vary depending on the lipid source of DHA ingested by the mother. The form of DHA used in maternal supplementation that would provide an optimal DHA accretion for fetal brain development, based on the available data obtained most of them from different animal models, indicates no consistent differences in fetal accretion when DHA is provided as TG or PL. Other related lipid species are under evaluation, e.g., lyso-phospholipids, with promising results to improve DHA bioavailability although more studies are needed. In this review, the evidence on DHA bioavailability and accumulation in both maternal and fetal tissues after the administration of DHA supplementation during pregnancy in the form of PL or TG in different models is summarized.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Burn Size Assessment
In burn medicine, the percentage of the burned body surface area (TBSA-B) to the total body surface area (TBSA) is a crucial parameter to ensure adequate treatment and therapy. Inaccurate estimations of the burn extent can lead to wrong medical decisions resulting in considerable consequences for patients. These include, for instance, over-resuscitation, complications due to fluid aggregation from burn edema, or non-optimal distribution of patients. Due to the frequent inaccurate TBSA-B estimation in practice, objective methods allowing for precise assessments are required. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 May 2021
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