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Topic Review
Adipose Tissue and Metastatic Cascade
Obesity is a modern health problem that has reached pandemic proportions. It is an established risk factor for carcinogenesis, however, evidence for the contribution of adipose tissue to the metastatic behavior of tumors is also mounting. Over 90% of cancer mortality is attributed to metastasis and metastatic tumor cells must communicate with their microenvironment for survival. Many of the characteristics observed in obese adipose tissue strongly mirror the tumor microenvironment. Thus in the case of prostate, pancreatic and breast cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are all located in close anatomical proximity to an adipose tissue depot, the adjacent fat provides an ideal microenvironment to enhance tumor growth, progression and metastasis. Adipocytes provide adipokines, fatty acids and other soluble factors to tumor cells whilst immune cells infiltrate the tumor microenvironment.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Substrate Materials of Microfluidic-Microwave Devices
The area of microfluidic devices with microwave components is constantly increasing. There are four main types of materials, that can act as a substrate for the microwave-microfluidic systems—epoxy-glass laminates, polymer materials, glass/silicon substrates, and Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCCs). The entry describes and compares briefly all selected materials.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Basic Nanoarchitectonics
Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Talazoparib and Niraparib
Niraparib (MK-4827) inhibits PARP1 and PARP2. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2017 indicated for the therapy of adult patients with ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal neoplasms. Talazoparib (BMN 673) is a potent and selective inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 used at lower concentrations than previous generations of PARP inhibitors. The FDA approved Talazoparib in October 2018 for patients with germline BRCA-mutated, HER2-negative breast cancer. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) play an essential role in different cellular processes, including several pathways of DNA repair. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are able to impair DNA damage repair by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This effect depends on the cell´s ability to compensate for the inhibition of PARP-mediated pathways by other repair pathways. PARPi especially induce cell death in cancer cells with a lack of PARP-independent DNA repair pathways.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Atopic Dermatitis in Dogs
Atopic dermatitis is one of the manifestations of atopic disease. In people, dermatitis is typically the first manifestation of atopic disease and can be followed by respiratory disease later in life as part of what is called the “atopic march”. Atopic dermatitis affects people and animals and, in some species (e.g., dogs), is the most prevalent manifestation of atopic disease. Atopic dermatitis in dogs has become increasingly common as exposure to indoor environments and processed foods has increased in our pets. Canine atopic dermatitis has characteristics, both clinically and immunologically, that are strikingly similar to the human counterpart. In dogs, progression to respiratory signs has been described in colonies of atopic dogs, but it does not seem to be a common observation in clinical practice.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Anticancer Targeted Drug Delivery Nanotechnology
The construction of nanosized drug delivery systems possesses tremendous potential due to their ability to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and to reduce metabolism by dissolving them in their hydrophobic or hydrophilic compartment. In addition, nanomedicine holds the advantages of passive targeting ability due to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, a large surface-to-volume ratio for drug loading, a tunable size for modification, a prolonged plasma half-life and a different biodistribution profile compared to conventional chemotherapy. Typical nano-based delivery vehicles include liposome, micelle, dendrimer, inorganic vector, nanogel and nanoemulsion, while novel nanocarriers also contain biomimetic reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), exosome and the hybrid nanoparticle, which come from the mixture of nanomaterials. Each of these nanotools displays its unique physiochemical properties and possesses the ability for further modification of active targeting ligands.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Understanding Cotton Irrigation Management
A change in climate as well as a decrease in water resources, calls for efficient irrigation-water management in cotton-production systems. Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is an important cash crop in many countries. However, the crop is sensitive to limited water, especially during the flowering stage and appropriate irrigation scheduling is needed depending upon location, climatic conditions, and irrigation method and regimes. Future studies on Kc, cotton water use and evapotranspiration, optimum population, the timing of irrigation termination (IT) in each location are needed for resource use efficiency.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Bladder Cancer
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play major roles in solid tumor development. They can have both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties depending on their polarization.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial/Antiviral Potential of Cannabinoids and Cannabis sativa
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a global health crisis and, therefore, new drug discovery is a paramount need. Cannabis sativa contains hundreds of chemical constituents produced by secondary metabolism, exerting outstanding antimicrobial, antiviral, and therapeutic properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling for Post-Disaster Reconstruction
Disasters can be defined as “an action that causes a threat to life, well-being, material goods, and the environment from the extremes of natural processes or technology” . Natural and human-made disasters affect the built environment. The large-scale damages caused by infrastructures and houses are accompanied by injuries and fatalities, reversal or stagnation of the local economy, and mislaying of livelihood sources. Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) has been gaining more attention in the world because of frequent natural environment disasters, such as earthquakes tsunamis, and other activities, caused by human-made factors, such as conflicts and wars, which have raised the importance of PDR.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Calomys callosus
The appearance and spread of parasitic diseases around the world aroused the interest of the scientific community to discover new animal models for improving the quality and specificity of surveys. Calomys callosus is a rodent native to South America, an easy handling model, with satisfactory longevity and reproducibility. C. callosus is susceptible to toxoplasmosis and can be used as experimental model for the study the pathogenesis, treatment, vertical transmission, and ocular toxoplasmosis. C. callosus can also be used to study cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, as the animals present cutaneous lesions, as well as parasites in the organs. C. callosus has epidemiological importance in Chagas disease, and since it is a Trypanosoma cruzi natural host in which rodents show high parasitemia and lethality, they are also effective as a model of congenital transmission. In the study of schistosomiasis, Schistosoma mansoni was proven to be a C. callosus natural host; thus, this rodent is a great model for fibrosis, hepatic granulomatous reaction, and celloma associated with lymphomyeloid tissue (CALT) during S. mansoni infection.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Application of FAPi-PET/CT in Oncology
The tumor microenvironment (TME) surrounding tumor cells is a complex and highly dynamic system that promotes tumorigenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key elements in TME playing a pivotal role in cancer cells’ proliferation and metastatic spreading. Considering the high expression of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on the cell membrane, CAFs emerged as appealing TME targets, namely for molecular imaging, leading to a pan-tumoral approach. Therefore, FAP inhibitors (FAPis) have recently been developed for PET imaging and radioligand therapy, exploring the clinical application in different tumor sub-types.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Consumer Participation in Online Second-Hand Transactions
Consumer participation in second-hand transactions is increasing, facilitated by digital platforms in the form of apps or websites. The use of online platforms to buy or rent second-hand goods is more likely when being male, relatively young, with children, a frequent internet user, with employment and living in a household with some price-consciousness and environmental awareness. The scarcity of brick-and-mortar stores in the area and car ownership can also increase demand for used goods through online platforms.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vaccine-Preventable Zoonoses
Given the high number of human diseases of animal origin and the public health’s strong reliance on vaccine programs to improve human health, it is no surprise that a listing of vaccine-preventable zoonotic diseases is extensive. These diseases have been studied for over a century, and the development of vaccines to control them represents remarkable achievements. In the United States, six of the top eight zoonotic diseases identified as those of greatest national concern have either human or animal vaccines, or both. The top eight zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern in the US include zoonotic influenzas, anthrax, salmonellosis, West Nile virus, plague, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), rabies, and Rift Valley fever virus. Of the 30 One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization workshops conducted globally during the period 2014–2021, all five of the most commonly prioritized diseases (rabies, zoonotic influenza, brucellosis, Ebola and other viral hemorrhagic fevers, and anthrax) have either human or animal vaccines, or both. However, in many cases, opportunities to more innovatively and effectively develop and use vaccines to address these and other zoonoses could be improved.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance in Sewage Treated by Constructed Wetlands
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their dissemination into the environment through antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) have been recognized as one of the main concerns of the 21st century. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are nonconventional treatment technologies that mimic the removal processes of natural wetlands, optimizing operational and design parameters to enhance the removal of contaminants. Understanding the behavior of ARGs and ARB under different conditions will allow CWs to be optimized, avoiding an increase in ARG abundances in the final effluents.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Curtilage
In law, the curtilage of a house or dwelling is the land immediately surrounding it, including any closely associated buildings and structures, but excluding any associated "open fields beyond", and also excluding any closely associated buildings, structures, or divisions that contain the separate intimate activities of their own respective occupants with those occupying residents being persons other than those residents of the house or dwelling of which the building is associated. It delineates the boundary within which a home owner can have a reasonable expectation of privacy and where "intimate home activities" take place. It is an important legal concept in certain jurisdictions for the understanding of search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. In urban properties, the location of the curtilage may be evident from the position of fences, wall and similar; within larger properties it may be a matter of some legal debate as to where the private area ends and the "open fields" start.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Failure Diagnosis Method for Hydraulic Pump
To implement Prognostics Health Management (PHM) for hydraulic pumps, it is very important to study the faults of hydraulic pumps to ensure the stability and reliability of the whole life cycle. Hydraulic systems are applied to all crucial mechanical equipment and play an irreplaceable role in the field of industrial production and manufacturing. As the “heart” of the hydraulic system, the hydraulic pump is responsible for converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy and providing pressure oil for the system.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Challenges to Promote Sustainability in Urban Agriculture Models
Urban agriculture (UA) can be used as an action to promote sustainability in cities and inform public health policies for urban populations. Despite this growing recognition, its implementation still presents challenges in countries in the Global North and Global South. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review Video
Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Next-Generation Drug Delivery
Plant cells release tiny membranous vesicles called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and pharmacologically active compounds. These plant-derived EVs (PDEVs) are safe and easily extractable and have been shown to have therapeutic effects against inflammation, cancer, bacteria, and aging. They have shown promise in preventing or treating colitis, cancer, alcoholic liver disease, and even COVID-19. PDEVs can also be used as natural carriers for small-molecule drugs and nucleic acids through various administration routes such as oral, transdermal, or injection. The unique advantages of PDEVs make them highly competitive in clinical applications and preventive healthcare products in the future.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoid Profile in Some Plants of Annona Genus
The Annonaceae family is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions. Several species of this family are known for their pharmacological and beneficial properties to human health, mainly attributed to flavonoids.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jun 2023
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